ArticleThe Veterinary record
Swimming emissions from dogs treated with spot-on fipronil or imidacloprid: Assessing the environmental risk.
Article in The Veterinary record. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Topical Anti-Inflammatory Therapies in Veterinary Medicine: Advancing Animal Health Through a One Health Approach.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Transfer of veterinary parasiticides from the fur lining bird's nest to eggs and chicks.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Article
- Swimming emissions from dogs treated with spot-on fipronil or imidacloprid: Assessing the environmental risk.The Veterinary recordArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFipronil and imidacloprid are increasingly recognised as contaminants of concern in aquatic environments. This study aimed to quantify swimming emissions from dogs treated with spot-on fipronil or imidacloprid, assess the associated environmental risks and evaluate whether current label instructions on swimming restrictions are adequate.
methodsEmissions from swimming were measured for 49 dogs treated with spot-on fipronil or imidacloprid on days 5, 14 or 28 post-application. The environmental risk was assessed by calculating risk quotients, dividing the predicted environmental concentrations by the predicted no-effect concentrations for freshwater ecosystems.
resultsMean washoff ranged from 4% to 0.4% of the applied dose for fipronil and 10% to 1.4% for imidacloprid across the 5-28-day period. Risk quotients indicate a risk to aquatic ecosystems throughout the products' duration of action. LIMITATIONS: The results may underestimate emissions for fipronil, as swimming is permitted from 3 days post-application and measurements began on day 5.
conclusionThis study highlights clear ecological risks from spot-on parasiticides and provides evidence that current label instructions on swimming do not provide sufficient environmental protection. Risk-based parasite control strategies and extended swimming restrictions are recommended. Regulatory review of environmental risk assessments and mitigation measures is warranted to protect aquatic environments.
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