ArticleMolecular pharmaceutics2025
Macropinocytosis and Fast Endophilin-Mediated Endocytosis Mediate Absorption of Garlic Chive-Derived Vesicle-like Nanoparticles in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells.
Article in Molecular pharmaceutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Synaptobrevin-2 Containing Extracellular Vesicles Are Rapidly Incorporated Into Mammalian Neurons via a Dynamin-Dependent Pathway.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Article
- Plant-derived extracellular vesicles for drug delivery: current and future.Regenerative biomaterials · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Dietary extracellular vesicles (EVs) or vesicle-like nanoparticles (VLNs) have been shown to exert beneficial functions in a wide range of diseases such as cancer, colitis, and metabolic diseases. They have also been used as natural carriers for medications. Despite the promising translational potential of dietary EVs or VLNs, the molecular mechanisms of their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the absorption mechanisms of garlic chive-derived VLNs (GC-VLNs) using C57BL/6J mice and a human intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2 cells. We found that orally administered GC-VLNs crossed the epithelial layer of the small intestine and entered the underlying lamina propria. GC-VLNs were taken up and transported across the fully differentiated Caco-2 epithelial monolayer. Proteins and lipids, but not RNAs, in GC-VLNs mediated their uptake by Caco-2 cells. Chemical inhibitor treatments demonstrated that macropinocytosis and fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis (FEME) played key roles in the internalization of GC-VLNs. On the other hand, clathrin-coated pit-mediated endocytosis and clathrin-independent carrier/glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein-enriched early endocytic compartment endocytosis did not contribute to GC-VLN uptake. Activation of macropinocytosis and FEME using their specific activators promoted the internalization of GC-VLNs. In addition, genetic manipulation of key molecules in macropinocytosis and FEME confirmed the important engagement of these two specific endocytic pathways in GC-VLN absorption by human intestinal epithelial cells. Our study has provided proof-of-principle evidence to advance our understanding of the absorption mechanism of GC-VLNs, which would be the key to further manipulation and engineering of these nanoparticles to improve their delivery efficiency as therapeutic modalities or drug carriers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.