ArticleJournal of medical Internet research2025
Developing a Core Outcome Set for Pediatric and Adult Acute and Chronic Pain Extended Reality Trials: Delphi Consensus-Building Process.
Article in Journal of medical Internet research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Extended Reality Interventions for Osteoarthritis of the Knee and Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Precision in practice: a systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual reality efficacy for osteoarthritis-specific total knee arthroplasty rehabilitation.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Development of a core outcome set for clinical trials of extended reality for pain.Pain reports · 2026Article
- Integrating Extended Reality Into Primary Care Chronic Pain Programs: A Real-World Feasibility Study of the REDOCVR Intervention.JMIR XR and spatial computing · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAppropriate outcome assessment strategies and high-quality trials are critical to advancing care of patients with acute and chronic pain. Using extended reality (XR), namely, virtual and augmented reality, as a nonpharmacological treatment for pain has accelerated in the last decade. XR allows users to engage completely in immersive, gamified, sensorial digital experiences. Currently, no standardized approach to assessing outcomes of XR-based interventions for pain exists.
objectiveOur aim was to recommend a core set of outcomes for pediatric and adult acute and chronic pain XR intervention trials.
methodsTo identify core outcomes, we conducted a multiphase process. In phase 1, we conducted systematic reviews on XR in pediatric and adult acute and chronic pain trials to identify the most common core outcome domains assessed in existing published studies. Primary outcome domains were identified and informed the development of the survey for phase 2, a Delphi survey of clinicians and researchers who were actively researching or using XR for pain treatment. Together, results from the systematic reviews and Delphi survey responses were collated, and in phase 3, a 2-day in-person meeting was held to reach consensus on recommended outcome domains for adult and pediatric acute and chronic pain XR clinical trials. This was followed by 2 additional rounds of the Delphi survey to broaden consensus and refine the domains and definitions. Following the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology guidelines for consensus building, outcomes were organized into 3 categories: mandatory, important to consider but optional, and research agenda.
resultsA systematic review including XR trials for adult and pediatric acute and chronic pain was conducted in March 2023, and 90 pediatric and 104 adult studies were included. The round 1 Delphi survey, completed by 66 respondents, revealed the following commonly measured outcomes: pain intensity or quality, distraction, anxiety or fear, satisfaction, and adverse events. Respondents indicated the following domains to be of highest importance to measure in studies: safety, feasibility, and acceptability; pain intensity or quality; pain interference or functioning; emotional functioning; and user experience or immersion. By unanimous vote at the consensus conference, pain severity, adverse events, user experience, and psychological constructs were identified as mandatory domains to be assessed in all XR trials for acute and chronic pain, with the addition of pain interference for chronic pain trials. Physiological markers and physical function were deemed important-to-consider but optional domains. Additional emerging areas for future research did not obtain sufficient support in the consensus process but were noted.
conclusionsAn established core outcome set will help strengthen the emerging evidence base supporting XR interventions for children and adults with pain. Future work is underway to provide recommendations for appropriate validated measures to assess each established outcome domain.
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Registered trials
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