ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026
Urine Drug Testing Among Long-term Opioid Prescribed Patients: Disparities and Opportunities.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is wide variation in opioid prescribing practices, including opioid quantity and risk mitigation strategies (RMS). Urine drug tests (UDT) are often used as a RMS for patients prescribed opioids. There is a lack of standardized recommendations for these tests.
objectiveWe aim to evaluate differences in prescribing practices, including opioid prescriptions and UDT as an RMS, among patients with multiple opioid prescriptions.
designA retrospective analysis of a national outpatient database of long-term adult opioid prescriptions (≥ 3 prescriptions over a period of at least 120-days) in the United States. MEASUREMENTS: Demographics, abuse history, morphine milligram equivalents (MME), UDT, and frequency were variables of interest.
results96,994 met the inclusion criteria. Hispanic patients were prescribed less MME/day than non-Hispanics. Examining patients prescribed ≥ 50 MME/day, the highest rates were in American Indian/Alaskan native (8.4%) and White patients (7.5%). At least one UDT was performed in 18,203 (18.8%) patients. When categorized by race, UDTs showed that 25.8% of American Indian/Alaska native, 22.7% of Black patients, 19.2% of multiple races, 18.0% of White patients, 13.5% of Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders, and 12.7% of Asian patients underwent UDTs (p < 0.001). Among the category of ≥ 7 UDTs, Black patients (1.3%) received the most. Upon regression modeling, females (OR 0.94) and uninsured patients (OR 0.66) were less likely to undergo UDT. Among MME categories, patients prescribed 75-99 MME/day had the highest likelihood of UDT (OR 2.4). Those with opioid use disorder (OR 2.64) and tobacco use (OR 1.083) were tested more frequently. When examining race, American Indian/Alaskan natives (OR 1.36), Black patients (OR 1.36), and multiple races (OR 1.245) were more likely to undergo UDT than White patients (reference).
conclusionsThere is variation in opioid prescribing practices, including opioid quantity and UDT. White patients receive more opioids but less UDT than other populations. Improvements are needed to ensure universal opioid prescribing practices.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.