Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40408038›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Surgical Disparities in the United States from 2012 to 2020: Race and Payer Status are Associated with Increased Time to Urgent and Emergent Surgery.

Mark Haft, Jessica Schmerler, Blake P Prieskorn, Christopher J Murdock, Sarah Nelson, Uma Srikumaran, Matthew J Best

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Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Mark HaftJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. mahaft98@gmail.com.
Jessica SchmerlerJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3650-9883
Blake P PrieskornWest Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, WV, USA.
Christopher J MurdockJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
Sarah NelsonJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
Uma SrikumaranJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
Matthew J BestJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionPatients with Medicare or Medicaid and minorities have decreased access and worse surgical outcomes compared to privately insured and White patients, respectively. These disparities are poorly studied in urgent and emergent surgeries where surgical delays can increase morbidity and mortality. We aimed to evaluate the association between payer status and race/ethnicity and time to urgent/emergent surgery.

methodsA retrospective cohort study was performed using the National Inpatient Sample from 2012 to 2020. A total of 1,799,580 patients aged ≥ 18 years were identified who underwent five different emergent surgeries. The primary outcome was time from admission to surgery. Multivariable linear regressions were performed controlling for age, sex, race, payer status, socioeconomic status, hospital setting, and Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score. Non-Hispanic White and privately insured patients were used as references.

resultsMedicare and Medicaid patients had significantly increased time to surgery for CABG, PTCA, colon resection, and appendectomy. Non-Hispanic Black patients had significantly increased time to surgery for all procedures. Hispanic patients had significantly increased time to surgery for hip/femur fracture, CABG, PTCA, and colon resection (all p < 0.001).

conclusionOur comorbidity-controlled results demonstrate a significant increase in time to urgent/emergent surgery in patients with Medicare and Medicaid, and non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic patients compared to privately insured and non-Hispanic White patients, respectively. Given the increased morbidity and mortality associated with increased time to surgery in these procedures, our results stress the importance of renewed policy change efforts within the USA to address systemic surgical care disparities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3:

Indexed as

EthnicityHealthcare DisparitiesInsurance, HealthRacial GroupsSurgical Procedures, OperativeTime-to-TreatmentAdultAgedBlack or African AmericanFemaleHispanic or LatinoHumansMaleMedicaidMedicareMiddle AgedEmergent surgeryHealth disparitiesPayer statusRaceTime to surgery

Identifiers

PMID40408038

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.