ArticleJournal of addiction medicine
Development and Validation of a High-sensitivity Rapid Xylazine Dipstick for Clinical Urine Testing.
Article in Journal of addiction medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Recent advances in the identification and quantification of xylazine and medetomidine in biological specimens.Bioanalysis · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesXylazine has been increasingly identified in human overdose deaths. Detection of xylazine in clinical urine samples has clinical utility when treating overdoses. No screening method for xylazine has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We aim to develop and validate a rapid and high sensitivity xylazine test for clinical urine testing.
methodsMonoclonal antibodies with high sensitivity and specificity against xylazine were developed. The leading clone was used to develop a competitive lateral flow immunoassay. The analytical cutoff, specificity, and clinical performance of this test was characterized using standards in drug-free urine and clinical urine samples.
resultsThe rapid xylazine dipstick test has a test time of 5 minutes and a cutoff of 10 ng/mL xylazine in drug-free urine. No cross reactivity with other commonly used drugs or endogenous metabolites were observed, except for 3% cross reactivity with clonidine. In 190 mass spectrometry confirmed clinical urine samples with xylazine concentrations ≥10 ng/mL and 168 urine samples with xylazine concentrations <10 ng/mL, the dipstick demonstrated a clinical sensitivity of 100% and a clinical specificity of 98%. All 4 false positives had combined xylazine and 4-hydroxy-xylazine concentrations in the 5-10 ng/mL range, with additional xylazine metabolites detected by mass spectrometry.
conclusionsWhen used with 10 ng/mL cutoff, the rapid xylazine dipstick demonstrates high clinical sensitivity and clinical specificity in urine samples, compared with gold standard mass spectrometry methods. This novel test has the potential to enable informed clinical decisions in cases with suspected xylazine exposure.
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