ReviewThe ISME journal2025
Pathogen-pathogen interactions during co-infections.
Review in The ISME journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Viral Metagenomic Sequencing Reveals Viral Codetection Patterns in Children with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.Viruses · 2026Article
- A Novel Bimetallic Nanozyme-Driven Fluorescence-Colorimetric Dual-Mode Platform for the Rapid Detection ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Ceftazidime-avibactam for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections: outcomes and timing of initiation across 22 U.S. medical centers.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Gastrointestinal infection caused by five different strains of Aeromonas caviae and one of Aeromonas veronii: case report and review of the literature.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Research progress on self-assembled supramolecular bioactive materials from herbal natural products and their applications in anti-infection field.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Clinical significance of a possible route of transmission ofWorld journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology · 2026Article
- Evaluating a pathogen-specific IgG binding assay for rapid detection of healthcare-associated infections.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Macroepidemiologic assessment of swine disease co-occurrences in the United States of America.Porcine health management · 2026Article
- The infectome framework: linking polymicrobial ecology and biofilm dynamics to precision diagnostic approaches.Infection · 2026Review
- Faster than Virus: The Physics of Pandemic Prediction.Infectious disease reports · 2026Article
- Pneumo-/enteritis in dromedary camels (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Short peptide 803sp inhibits the inflammatory response induced byFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Patterns of Enteric Co-Infections Among Individuals Presenting with Cholera-like Diarrheal Disease During Seasonal Cholera Outbreaks.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Epidemiological Evidence Supports the Role of Microbial Interactions in Polymicrobial UTI Infections Revealed by In Vitro Research.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
For over a century, bacterial infections have been studied through the lens of the one-microbe, one-disease paradigm. However, it is now clear that multi-pathogen infections are common, and many infectious diseases are inherently polymicrobial. These complex infections can involve a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, with polyviral and viral-bacterial interactions being the most extensively studied. In this review, we focus on polybacterial infections, providing an in-depth analysis of the diverse strategies bacteria employ to thrive in co-infection scenarios. We examine the mechanisms of bacterial competition, competition avoidance through spatial or temporal separation, and cooperation. Given the association of polymicrobial infections with more severe clinical outcomes and heightened antibiotic tolerance, we also explore novel therapeutic targets to treat these increasingly common and complex infections. Although our review summarizes current knowledge, the vast scope of this phenomenon suggests that many more mechanisms remain undiscovered and warrant further investigation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.