Deep Learning in Predicting Preterm Birth: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms.

Objective: To determine whether deep learning algorithms are suitable for predicting preterm birth. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Peking University Third Hospital from January 2018 to June 2023. Birth data were divided into two parts based on the date of delivery: the first part was used for model training and validation, while real world viability was evaluated using the second part. Four machine learning algorithms (logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine, and transformer) were employed to predict preterm birth. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were calculated. Results: This research included data on 30,965 births, where 24,770 comprised the first part, and included 3164 (12.77%) in the preterm birth group, with 6195 in the second part, including 795 (12.83%) in the preterm birth group. Significant differences in various factors were observed between the preterm and full-term birth groups. The transformer model (AUC = 79.20%, sensitivity = 73.67%, specificity = 72.48%, PPV = 28.21%, NPV = 94.95%, and accuracy = 72.61% in the test dataset) demonstrated superior performance relative to logistic regression (AUC = 77.96% in the test dataset), support vector machine (AUC = 71.70% in the test dataset), and random forest (AUC = 75.09% in the test dataset) approaches. Conclusion: This study highlights the promise of deep learning algorithms, specifically the transformer algorithm, for predicting preterm birth.