ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Baicalin enhances respiratory mucosal immunity by modulating antiviral protein expression and T-cell homeostasis during H9N2 infection.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A visualization analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine for influenza prevention and treatment: advances, hotspots, and future trends.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Multi-target Therapeutic Potential of Baicalin in Respiratory Diseases: Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2026Review
- Baicalin: A comprehensive review of its molecular mechanisms and pharmacological activities.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Future prospects of antiviral research in traditional Chinese medicine.Chinese herbal medicines · 2026Review
- Volatile metabolomics reveals the regulation mechanisms of aroma formation inFood chemistry: X · 2026Article
- Balancing Host Defense and Viral Tolerance for the Development of Next-Generation Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Flavonoids as Immunoregulators: Molecular Mechanisms in Regulating Immune Cells and Their Therapeutic Applications in Inflammatory Diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The H9N2 avian influenza virus, although not highly pathogenic, still poses ongoing risks to poultry health and food security due to its ability to resist vaccines and its potential to spread to humans. Methods: This study investigated the effects of baicalin, a flavonoid derived from Results: Baicalin treatment enhanced the expression of antiviral proteins Mx1 and PKR in a dose- and time-dependent manner, helping to counteract the virus's suppression of these defense proteins. In addition to strengthening this epithelial barrier, baicalin has both antiviral and immune-regulating effects: it directly blocks viral replication and helps restore the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in H9N2-infected mice. Most importantly, baicalin reduces lung damage and spleen shrinkage while keeping the immune system balanced. These results show that baicalin enhances mucosal antiviral defenses by simultaneously regulating innate antiviral pathways (Mx1 and PKR) and restoring adaptive immune balance (CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio). Discussion: These dual protective effects highlight baicalin's potential as a natural therapeutic strategy for improving mucosal immunity against vaccine-resistant influenza viruses such as H9N2, contributing valuable insights into plant-derived immunomodulatory approaches against emerging zoonotic viral threats.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.