ArticleBMC global and public health2025
Using an implementation research approach to assess the birth outcomes associated with the 2016 World Health Organization antenatal care policy across states in Nigeria: multilevel analysis of national survey data.
Article in BMC global and public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Implementation science derived from low- and middle-income countries is essential for advancing global health.BMC global and public health · 2025Article
- Assessing the antenatal care-seeking determinants associated with the penetration of the WHO eight-visit antenatal care policy across states in Nigeria.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn 2017, the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health adopted and implemented the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) antenatal care (ANC) policy, including the eight-visit ANC (8vANC) recommendation, to improve ANC uptake and reduce perinatal deaths. This study aimed to examine the impact of the 2016 WHO ANC policy implementation on selected birth outcomes in Nigeria.
methodsThis research applied an implementation research approach to assess cesarean births, low birth weight (LBW), and perinatal death outcomes associated with the 2016 WHO ANC policy implementation across states in Nigeria. We used multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model to perform secondary analyses on a matched sample of mothers and children, n = 10,864. A main fixed effect variable was generated from maternal adherence as penetration-fidelity and categorized as " < 8vANC and partial/non-concordant," " < 8vANC and concordant," "8vANC and partial/non-concordant," and "8vANC and concordant." We measured "concordant" as maternal self-reported adherence to five selected ANC components (timing of first ANC visit, blood pressure measurement, tetanus vaccinations, urinalysis, and blood sample test), whereas partial/non-concordant was defined as the receipt of fewer components.
resultsThere was no significant association between penetration-fidelity and cesarean births. Compared with children born to mothers who were categorized as " < 8vANC and partial/non-concordant," the final adjusted models indicated that penetration-fidelity was significantly associated with reduced odds of LBW among children of mothers who were categorized as "8vANC and concordant" (OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.20-0.71, p = 0.003) but with increased odds of perinatal death among children birthed to mothers categorized as "8vANC and concordant" (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.05-3.26, p = 0.032). There was no statistically significant between-state residual variation associated with birth outcomes. Overall, multiparity was associated with increased odds of LBW and perinatal death, whereas advanced maternal age was associated with reduced odds.
conclusionsOur findings suggest the need for more nuanced ANC promotion campaigns that would target the varied maternal age and parous spectrum along the maternal and child health continuum. Further research is needed to evaluate the degree to which the state-level implementation of the policy may have also influenced adherence to the 2016 WHO ANC recommendations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.