ArticleBMC nephrology2025
Risk factors of acute kidney injury in children with diabetic ketoacidosis.
Article in BMC nephrology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Acute kidney diseases and disorders in children with bloodstream infection: frequency, predictors, and outcomes.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Review
- Clinical significance of pyuria in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: evidence against empirical antibiotic use.Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric patients has been linked to unfavorable short-term and long-term health outcomes. Despite the significance of AKI awareness in children with diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D), the incidence of AKI in children admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has been under looked.
objectivesThe primary objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric patients hospitalized for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and to identify the clinical and biochemical markers associated with the development of AKI.
methodsA retrospective medical record review was conducted at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, a tertiary hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study included 373 children aged 18 years or younger from 2012 to 2022 with complete medical records available for analysis. We collected baseline and diabetes characteristics, in addition to clinical variables at presentation. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was diagnosed using the serum creatinine criteria established by the kidney disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) organization. Descriptive comparisons were performed. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to identify potential risk factors associated with the development of AKI.
results299 patients (80.2%) developed AKI including 98 (26.3%) stage 1, and 118 (31.6%) stage 2 and 83 (22.3%) stage 3. The frequency of AKI was higher in patients with severe DKA (26.9% vs. 19.7%, p=0.01) while in mild DKA the percentage of AKI was less than non-AKI (31.9% vs. 45.1%, p<0.01The median last HbA1C prior to DKA presentation was 12%, and majority (88.2%) had DKA episodes in past. children who developed AKI had a significantly higher median heart rate (120 bpm, IQR 104-138) compared to those without AKI (108 bpm, IQR 98-124, p<0.01). A high percentage of children with AKI had low Glasgow coma scale (<15) compared to non-AKI (5.7% vs. 1.7%) but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.22). Half of the children presented with DKA had poor outpatient follow up visits. The proven infections were observed in 53 (14.2%) children in DKA. It was higher in non-AKI group compared to AKI group (15.1% vs. 10.8%, p=0.46). At the time of discharge 131 (44%) patients with AKI showed persistent acute kidney disease. We did not observe mortality. Children with AKI had longer hospital stay compared to non-AKI (4 days vs. 3 days, p=0.02). None of the study participant have died during the studied hospital encounters.
conclusionOur findings indicate that AKI is common in children admitted with DKA. Longer duration and poor controlled T1D; previous episodes of DKA, severe DKA, infection and higher heart rate are risk factors to develop AKI. At the time of discharge, 131 (44%) patients AKI showed persistent acute kidney disease (AKD). The longer hospital stay in children with AKI highlights the significant morbidity of AKI. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.