Accessible interactive learning of missing-digit arithmetic problems for students with visual disabilities.

Despite the advancements in digital learning, students with visual disabilities face significant challenges in mathematics, particularly in solving arithmetic problems like missing digit identification in addition and subtraction. The insufficient availability of accessible tools with real-time feedback mechanisms, error correction features, and interactive learning methods leads to these challenges. This study proposes a novel solution to address these challenges by developing an algorithm designed to assist students with visual disabilities solve missing digit arithmetic problems. The algorithm systematically identifies missing digits and provides step-by-step audio instructions, ensuring adherence to mathematical principles and pedagogical standards. Real-time validation and adaptive computations for carry and borrow operations enhance learning. Implemented in Python, the solution was empirically tested with 40 participants, including students and instructors, with visual disabilities. The results from both qualitative and quantitative analyses indicate substantial improvements in learning outcomes, suggesting that this solution can effectively support inclusive mathematics education and be adapted to other assistive learning contexts.