ArticleBMJ open2025
Wealth-based inequality and dropout rate in the completion of the continuum of maternal healthcare in Ethiopia: a secondary data analysis of the Mini Demographic and Health Survey of 2019.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 1 paper.
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- RETRACTION:BMJ open · 2026Article
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- RetractedRETRACTION:2026
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Abstract
objectiveTo determine wealth-based inequality and the dropout rate in the completion of the maternal continuum of care (CoC) in Ethiopia.
settingEthiopian Demographic and Health Survey-2019.
participantsReproductive-age women (15-49 years) in Ethiopia. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Completion of the maternal CoC services is the primary outcome. Maternal CoC is defined as a situation where women have at least four antenatal care (ANC) visits, deliver their babies at a health facility and receive at least one postnatal care service for both mother and newborn baby.
methodsWe analysed the 2019 Mini demographic and health survey data using STATA V.17. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was employed for the factors associated with the maternal CoC. The concentration index was used to measure equity.
resultOverall, 24% (95% CI: 21.6 to 26.5) of women completed the maternal CoC. There was wealth-based inequality in the completion of maternal CoC in Ethiopia (concentration index: 0.25 (95% CI: 0.18 to 0.31, p≤0.001)), rural residents (concentration index: 0.15 (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.21, p≤0.001)) and urban residents (concentration index: 0.15 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.26, p≤0.01)). Being an urban resident (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.59, 95% CI: 1.09 to 2.33), attaining secondary (AOR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.19 to 2.33) or higher education (AOR=1.93, 95% CI: 1.30 to 2.87) and early initiation of ANC (AOR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.61 to 2.41) were positively associated with the completion of maternal CoC. However, belonging to a pastoral region (Afar or Somali) (AOR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.77), belonging to the poorest (AOR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.92) or middle (AOR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.96) wealth quintile, not being informed about obstetric danger signs (AOR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.66) and blood pressure not being measured (AOR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.32 to 0.85) were negatively associated with maternal CoC.
conclusionWe concluded that completion of the maternal CoC was low in Ethiopia. There was significant inequality in the completion of maternal CoC across wealth status, place of residence and educational status. Strategies and interventions that target the disadvantaged group of women are needed to improve the utilisation of maternal healthcare services. Tailored and multisectoral intervention considering women with poor or middle wealth, women in pastoralist regions and women with no information on obstetric danger signs improves the CoC practice in the country.
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