ArticleBMJ open respiratory research2025
Association between inhaled corticosteroids and incidence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: nationwide population-based study.
Article in BMJ open respiratory research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Oxymatrine attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via APE1‑mediated regulation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway.Molecular medicine reports · 2025Article
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2 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease found primarily in older people, with the use of systemic steroids linked to poor outcomes. However, the role of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) in IPF remains unclear. This study investigated the association between ICS use and IPF risk using national insurance data, particularly in individuals with chronic airway diseases.
methodsUsing the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort database, our study included patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. ICS exposure was assessed via treatment claims, and IPF cases were identified using broad and narrow criteria. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) with propensity scores for balanced covariate analysis.
resultsOf 57 456 patients (mean age: 55.9 years, 42.3% men), 16.5% used ICS and 83.5% did not. ICS users showed higher rates of broad (0.98 vs 0.41 per 1000) and narrow IPF (0.61 vs 0.21 per 1000) than non-users. Pre-IPTW, ICS use was associated with increased IPF risk; however, this was not significant post-IPTW. Post-IPTW, both ICS dose as a continuous variable (broad adjusted HR per 100 µg/day: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.04; narrow adjusted HR per 100 µg/day: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.04 post-IPTW) and high-dose ICS (≥1000 µg/day) (broad adjusted HR: 3.89, 95% CI: 1.61 to 9.41; narrow adjusted HR: 3.99, 95% CI: 1.19 to 13.41) use correlated with an elevated IPF risk.
conclusionWhile no overall significant association between ICS use and IPF risk was observed post-IPTW, there may be an increased risk in patients using high-dose ICS.
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