ArticleJournal of medical Internet research2025
Temporal Association Between ChatGPT-Generated Diarrhea Synonyms in Internet Search Queries and Emergency Department Visits for Diarrhea-Related Symptoms in South Korea: Exploratory Study.
Article in Journal of medical Internet research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- An ARIMAX model integrating Baidu index for improved hand, foot, and mouth disease incidence prediction.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundDiarrhea, a common symptom of gastrointestinal infections, can lead to severe complications and is a major cause of emergency department (ED) visits.
objectiveThis study explored the temporal association between internet search queries for diarrhea and its synonyms and ED visits for diarrhea-related symptoms.
methodsWe used data from the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) and NAVER (Naver Corporation), South Korea's leading search engine, from January 2017 to December 2021. After identifying diarrhea synonyms using ChatGPT, we compared weekly trends in relative search volumes (RSVs) for diarrhea, including its synonyms and weekly ED visits. Pearson correlation analysis and Granger causality tests were used to evaluate the relationship between RSVs and ED visits. We developed an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Variables (ARIMAX) model to further predict these associations. This study also examined the age-based distribution of search behaviors and ED visits.
resultsA significant correlation was observed between the weekly RSV for diarrhea and its synonyms and weekly ED visits for diarrhea-related symptoms (ranging from 0.14 to 0.51, P<.05). Weekly RSVs for diarrhea synonyms, such as "upset stomach," "watery diarrhea," and "acute enteritis," showed stronger correlations with weekly ED visits than weekly RSVs for the general term "diarrhea" (ranging from 0.20 to 0.41, P<.05). This may be because these synonyms better reflect layperson terminology. Notably, weekly RSV for "upset stomach" was significantly correlated with weekly ED visits for diarrhea and acute diarrhea at 1 and 2 weeks before the visit (P<.05). An ARIMAX model was developed to predict weekly ED visits based on weekly RSVs for diarrhea synonyms with lagged effects to capture their temporal influence. The age group of <50 years showed the highest activity in both web-based searches and ED visits for diarrhea-related symptoms.
conclusionsThis study demonstrates that weekly RSVs for diarrhea synonyms are associated with weekly ED visits for diarrhea-related symptoms. By encompassing a nationwide scope, this study broadens the existing methodology for syndromic surveillance using ED data and provides valuable insights for clinicians.
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