ArticleJMIR research protocols2025
Intervention With WhatsApp Messaging to Compare the Effect of Self-Designed Messages and Standardized Messages in Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment in Young People Living With HIV in a Hospital in Lima, Peru: Protocol for a Nonblinded Randomized Controlled Trial.
Article in JMIR research protocols, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06500013 (Intervention With WhatsApp Messaging to Assess the Effect of Self-designed Messages and Standardized Messages in Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment in Young People Living With HIV in a Hospital in Lima, Peru), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Intervention With WhatsApp Messaging to Assess the Effect of Self-designed Messages and Standardized Messages in Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment in Young People Living With HIV in a Hospital in Lima, Peru: Randomized Control Trial
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Digital health promotion strategies to increase HIV testing uptake among key populations: a scoping review.Cadernos de saude publica · 2026Article
- Evaluation of post-discharge follow-up and clinical outcomes in patientsRevista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas (Cordoba, Argentina) · 2025Article
- Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundYoung people living with HIV face challenges in consistently adhering to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although mobile health interventions, particularly those using SMS text messaging, have been implemented to improve ART adherence, many lack a focus on specific behavioral mechanisms. Interventions incorporating behavioral change techniques (BCTs), especially those emphasizing customization, may enhance effectiveness. WhatsApp offers potential for delivering tailored, behaviorally grounded interventions with diverse communication features. We hypothesize that WhatsApp messages self-designed by participants, with spontaneous targeting of BCTs, could be more effective than standard WhatsApp messages designed by the researchers to improve ART adherence.
objectiveThe objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of WhatsApp messages created by participants (self-designed) compared to WhatsApp messages designed by the researchers (standardized) over adherence to ART at 16 weeks of intervention in young people living with HIV who receive HIV care under routine conditions at a public hospital in Lima, Peru.
methodsA 2-arm randomized controlled trial with a parallel assignment of 1:1, with no blinding of study intervention, was performed. Eligible participants are consenting people living with HIV aged 18-29 years who receive HIV care at the study center and whose mobile phones support WhatsApp. Following informed consent and a baseline survey on clinical and personal preferences (eg, timing and frequency of messages), participants are randomized to the control group (messages designed by the research team) or to the experimental group (messages designed by participants), stratified by sex, educational level, current ART intake, and history of ART abandonment. Participants in both groups receive up to 3 WhatsApp messages per week for 16 weeks. ART adherence, the primary outcome, is measured using the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Monthly feedback questionnaires on user experience are also administered. The WhatsApp chat format allows two-way communication between participants and the research team throughout the study. We will compare ART adherence between 2 groups at 16 weeks under the intention-to-treat principle, with no interim analysis planned. Based on an estimated 10% difference in adherence, 78.9% power, and a 2-sided α of .05, the target sample size was set at 120, later increased to 131 to include a 2-week pilot phase.
resultsIn March 2024, we started enrolling and randomizing participants. The study follow-up will continue until the last participant completes 16 weeks of intervention (November 2024). As of February 2025, we are in the process of data curation.
conclusionsThis trial will compare the effectiveness of standardized vs self-designed WhatsApp messages on ART adherence measured at 16 weeks among young people living with HIV receiving routine care in a low-resource setting in Lima.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT06500013; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06500013. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/66941.
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