ArticleBiomacromolecules2025
3D-Printable Granular Hydrogel Composed of Hyaluronic Acid-Chitosan Hybrid Polyelectrolyte Complex Microgels.
Article in Biomacromolecules, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Bioactive and Injectable Granular Hydrogels Incorporating Decellularized Extracellular Matrix.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
When it comes to 3D printing of hydrogels, optimizing rheological properties is crucial to ensure (i) a smooth flow of the ink through the nozzle during printing and (ii) structural integrity postprinting. Granular hydrogels offer excellent printability due to their intrinsic yield-stress properties; however, they typically lack postprinting integrity in aqueous environments. To address this limitation, a novel approach is proposed to integrate the yield-stress behavior of granular hydrogels with polyelectrolyte complexes, which exhibit tunable mechanical properties and structural integrity in aqueous media. In this approach, hybrid microgels composed of chemically co-cross-linked hyaluronic acid-chitosan polyelectrolytes are prepared in a high-salt medium to shield electrostatic interactions and then jammed to form a printable granular hydrogel. By reducing the salt concentration below the critical threshold for electrostatic association, intra- and interparticle electrostatic interactions are activated, causing both the microgels and the granular hydrogel to shrink. This process yields a hydrogel with tunable stiffness, packing density, and dimensions. Overall, this strategy paves the way for the design of 3D hydrogel constructs with dynamic properties.
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Registered trials
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