Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40400748›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in psychology2025

Contributors to caregiver burden, depression, and anxiety in the partners of professional American-style football players: a cross-sectional study.

Niki Konstantinides, Paula S Atkeson, Heather DiGregorio, Inana Dairi, Cheyenne Brown, Kairi Noriega, Jillian Baker, Valencia Taylor, Christy Glass, Lewis E Kazis and 8 more

Abstract read
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Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Niki Konstantinides *Football Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Paula S Atkeson *Football Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Heather DiGregorioFootball Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Inana DairiFootball Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Cheyenne BrownFootball Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Kairi NoriegaFootball Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Jillian BakerFootball Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Valencia TaylorFootball Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Christy GlassDepartment of Sociology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States.
Lewis E KazisDepartment of Health Law Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
Rachel TerrillIndependent Researcher, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
Frank E SpeizerFootball Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Ross D ZafonteFootball Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Herman A TaylorFootball Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Aaron L BaggishFootball Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Marc G WeisskopfFootball Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Alicia J Whittington *Football Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Rachel Grashow *Football Players Health Study at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: American-style football (ASF) has been linked to chronic adverse health outcomes. The extent to which ASF players' careers impact their spouses' caregiver burden, depression, and anxiety remains unknown. In addition to conventional family stressors, ASF families may have specific concerns such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE; a condition that can only be established at autopsy), which may additionally contribute to caregiver burden and mood symptoms. Methods: Family Experiences Managing Football Lives (FEM-FL) is a cross-sectional study developed under the Football Players Health Study at Harvard University. Eligible participants were partners of current and former professional ASF players who completed electronic surveys from 2021 to 2024. Data on age, race, family composition, income, employment status, caregiver help, personal health, marital satisfaction, player position, and number of relocations were collected. Participants were asked whether they believed their partner had "CTE." Multivariable models measured associations between established and ASF-specific risk factors and caregiver burden (Zarit 4-item Burden Interview), and depression and anxiety symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-4). Results: Among 153 partners of active and former professional ASF players, mean [SD] age was 48.1 [13.5], and 28.8% self-identified as Black. In models that adjusted for established risk factors and ASF-specific variables, poor health among partners was associated with a 1.6 point increase in depression score (95% CI = 0.90, 2.30; Discussion: Among partners of active and former professional ASF players, marital satisfaction, poor health, and concerns about CTE may play a role in caregiver burden and behavioral health. CTE concerns represents a potential novel risk factor for increased caregiver burden among partners of ASF players.

Indexed as

anxietycaregiver burdendepressionfootball (American)partners and families

Identifiers

PMID40400748
PMCPMC12092435

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.