ArticleBMC microbiology2025
Impact of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli from slum wastewater in Kawempe division, Kampala district, Uganda: a case study.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The interlinked crisis: pharmaceutical pollution as a driver of antimicrobial resistance in East Africa: an urgent call for ecopharmacovigilance and one health approach.One health outlook · 2026Review
- Community engagement strategies for antimicrobial resistance control and interventions.BMJ public health · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSlum dwellers face significant infrastructure and public health challenges like poor housing and drainage, inadequate sanitation, and limited access to clean water, leading to increased disease transmission and resistance to antibiotic treatments. This study evaluated the impact of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance patterns of Escherichia coli in wastewater from slums of Bwaise II, Bwaise III, Kazo, and Makerere III in Kawempe division, Kampala.
methodsLevels of heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic) in wastewater were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Escherichia coli were isolated from wastewater using MacConkey agar and their susceptibility to 50 µl of stock antibiotics (tetracycline, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone at 30 µg/ml, and ciprofloxacin at 5 µg/ml) determined. The potential of heavy metals to induce antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli was determined by culturing susceptible isolates in 200 µl of Luria-Bertina broth containing stock antibiotics (10 µl), or stock antibiotics (10 µl) and stock heavy metals (10 µl). Stock heavy metals were prepared from the average concentration of heavy metals detected in wastewater.
resultsDetectable levels of heavy metals were reported in wastewater from Bwaise II, Kazo and Makerere III only. Lead, cadmium and arsenic, mercury and chromium, were highest in Bwaise II, Kazo, and Makerere III, respectively. The occurrence of Escherichia coli resistant to at least an antibiotic was 72.8% (169 of 232) and resistance to tetracycline, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin were 34.1%, 28.9%, 35.3%, and 34.5%, respectively. Study findings further revealed a positive correlation (R
conclusionWastewater in Kawempe slums is polluted with heavy metals and high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli. Inadequate infrastructure in slums facilitate discharge of wastewater polluted with heavy metals, which in turn play a role in increasing antibiotic resistance. There is need for proper wastewater management to contain the prevalence of antibiotic resistance.
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