ArticleNature2025
The structure of liquid carbon elucidated by in situ X-ray diffraction.
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Article in Nature, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Wavefront sensing at a high-repetition-rate X-ray free-electron laser.Journal of synchrotron radiation · 2026Article
- The diagnostics and laser infrastructure at the Soft X-ray Port of the European XFEL.Journal of synchrotron radiation · 2026Article
- Measuring temperature and observing graphitization of heavy-ion-heated diamond.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Ultrafast plasma dynamics in laser-irradiated nanowire arrays probed with an X-ray free-electron laser.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Enhancing the efficiency of time-dependent density functional theory calculations of dynamic response properties.npj computational materials · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
122 authors.
D KrausInstitut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany. dominik.kraus@uni-rostock.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-4180
J RipsInstitut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-4764-5618
M SchörnerInstitut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7925-8917
M G StevensonInstitut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-9039-5756
J VorbergerHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-9192
D RanjanInstitut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-4794
J LütgertInstitut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2593-573X
B HeuserInstitut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6363-1780
J H EggertLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-7108
H-P LiermannDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5039-1183
I I OleynikDepartment of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5348-6484
S PandolfiSorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Insitut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0855-9434
R RedmerInstitut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-863X
A SollierCEA DAM Île-de-France, Arpajon, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5067-954X
C StrohmDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6384-0259
T J VolzLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8224-9368
B AlbertazziLaboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France.
S J AliLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1823-3788
L AntonelliYork Plasma Institute, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-948X
C BähtzHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1480-511X
O B BallSUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-0153
S BanerjeeCentral Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9407-477X
A B BelonoshkoFrontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-3210
C A BolmeLos Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-271X
V BouffetierEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-1260
R BriggsLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4588-5802
K BuakorEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0257-2822
T ButcherCentral Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.
V CerantolaDipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2808-2963
J ChantelUniversité de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Lille, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8332-9033
A L ColemanLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5692-4400
J CollierCentral Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-2003-0472
G W CollinsLaboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4883-1087
A J ComleyAWE, Aldermaston, Reading, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-2580-653X
T E CowanHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5845-000X
G CristoforettiIstituto Nazionale di Ottica, CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9420-9080
H CynnLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4658-5764
A DescampsSchool of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1708-6376
A Di CiccoSchool of Science and Technology, Physics Division, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0742-6357
S Di Dio CafisoHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.
F DorchiesCELIA, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Talence, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5922-9585
M J DuffSUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0745-0157
A DwivediEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0008-7497-0444
C EdwardsCentral Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.
D ErrandoneaDepartamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0189-4221
S GalitskiyDepartment of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
E GaltierSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0396-285X
H GinestetUniversité de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Lille, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-4062
L GizziIstituto Nazionale di Ottica, CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6572-6492
A GleasonSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-5118
S GödeEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.
J M GonzalezDepartment of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7038-9726
M G GormanLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9567-6166
M HarmandInstitut Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université UMR CNRS, Paris, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0713-5824
N J HartleySLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-2436
P G HeighwayDepartment of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6221-0650
C Hernandez-GomezCentral Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-9546-1989
A HigginbothamYork Plasma Institute, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5211-9933
H HöppnerHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-1929-5097
R J HusbandDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7666-401X
T M HutchinsonLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1882-3702
H HwangDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8498-3811
D A KeenISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-2767
J KimDepartment of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
P KoesterCNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, (CNR - INO), Florence, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1617-4633
Z KonôpkováEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8905-6307
A KrygierLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6178-1195
L LabateCNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, (CNR - INO), Florence, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-4548
A Laso GarciaHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7671-0901
A E LazickiLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-6074
Y LeeDepartment of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2043-0804
P MasonCentral Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8240-9819
M MasruriHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-6241
B MassaniSUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5817-1780
E E McBrideSchool of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8821-6126
J D McHardySUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2630-8092
D McGonegleAWE, Aldermaston, Reading, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5329-1081
C McGuireLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
R S McWilliamsSUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-8661
S MerkelUniversité de Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Lille, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2767-581X
G MorardUniversity of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, University of Gustave Eiffel, ISTerre, Grenoble, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4225-0767
B NaglerSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-5736-7842
M NakatsutsumiEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0868-4745
K Nguyen-CongLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4299-6208
A-M NortonYork Plasma Institute, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7712-0615
N OzakiGraduate School of Engineering, University of Osaka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7320-9871
C OtzenInstitut für Geo- und Umweltnaturwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-2355
D J PeakeDepartment of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
A PelkaHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-3308-5376
K A PereiraDepartment of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2252-2999
J P PhillipsCentral Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2472-0144
C PrescherInstitut für Geo- und Umweltnaturwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9556-1032
T R PrestonEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1228-2263
L RandolphEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9587-404X
A RavasioLaboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-6493
D Santamaria-PerezDepartamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1119-5056
D J SavageLos Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9973-2030
M SchölmerichPaul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4790-1565
J-P SchwinkendorfHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-8703-7641
S SinghLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0286-9549
J SmithCentral Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-9334-0509
R F SmithLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-5731
J SpearCentral Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.
C SpindloeCentral Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6648-7400
T-A SuerLaboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
M TangDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
M ToncianHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-5863-1934
T ToncianHelmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7986-3631
S J TracyEarth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Science, Washington, DC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6428-284X
A TrapanantiSchool of Science and Technology, Physics Division, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7763-5758
C E VennariLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5160-913X
T VinciLaboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1595-1752
M TyldesleyCentral Laser Facility (CLF), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.
S C VogelLos Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2049-0361
J P S WalshDepartment of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3454-3428
J S WarkDepartment of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3055-3223
J T WillmanDepartment of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
L WollenweberEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6934-1108
U ZastrauEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3575-4449
E BrambrinkEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-2404-9412
K AppelEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2902-2102
M I McMahonSUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4343-344X
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Carbon has a central role in biology and organic chemistry, and its solid allotropes provide the basis of much of our modern technology
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