Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40399668›Full record

Trial reportNature2025

Closed-loop vagus nerve stimulation aids recovery from spinal cord injury.

Michael P Kilgard, Joseph D Epperson, Emmanuel A Adehunoluwa, Chad Swank, Amy L Porter, David T Pruitt, Holle L Gallaway, Christi Stevens, Jaime Gillespie, Dannae Arnold and 7 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in Nature, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07689227 (Early Feasibility Study of the ReWire System for Closed-Loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation), which is not on this map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
33citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07689227 nanot yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Early Feasibility Study of the ReWire System for Closed-Loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation (CLV) Paired With Rehabilitation After Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) - Lower Limb Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorThe University of Texas at DallasRan2026 to 2028Enrolled20ConditionsSpinal Cord Injury (SCI), Gait, Reduced Physical Activity, Lower Limb FunctionsArmsCLV, Sham
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Trial
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Beyond Scar Removal: Reprogramming the Glial Scar for Neural Repair.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Good vibrations: Sternal vibration enhances white matter density and interoceptive awareness.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Tissue-bioelectronics interfaces.Chemical Society reviews · 2026
    Review
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Materials and System Design for Self-Decision Bioelectronic Systems.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Single-Electrode, Bidirectional Control of Heart Rate via Vagus Nerve Modulation in Rat Model.IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Michael P KilgardTexas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA. kilgard@utdallas.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-6699-1818
Joseph D EppersonTexas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6430-8472
Emmanuel A AdehunoluwaTexas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5369-6959
Chad SwankBaylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
Amy L PorterTexas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
David T PruittTexas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
Holle L GallawayTexas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
Christi StevensBaylor Scott and White Institute for Rehabilitation, Dallas, TX, USA.
Jaime GillespieBaylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
Dannae ArnoldBaylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
Mark B PowersBaylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7898-073X
Rita G HamiltonBaylor Scott and White Institute for Rehabilitation, Dallas, TX, USA.
Richard C NaftalisDepartment of Neurosurgery, Baylor University of Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
Michael L ForemanDivision of Trauma, Baylor University of Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5790-0681
Jane G WiggintonTexas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.ORCID 0009-0007-8547-1459
Seth A HaysTexas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4225-241X
Robert L RennakerTexas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Decades of research have demonstrated that recovery from serious neurological injury will require synergistic therapeutic approaches. Rewiring spared neural circuits after injury is a long-standing goal of neurorehabilitation

Indexed as

Recovery of FunctionSpinal Cord InjuriesVagus NerveVagus Nerve StimulationActivities of Daily LivingAdultDouble-Blind MethodFemaleHandHand StrengthHumansMaleMiddle AgedNeuronal PlasticityProspective Studies

Identifiers

PMID40399668
PMCPMC12286844

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.