ArticleNature genetics2025
Genome-wide association study of long COVID.
Abstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Nature genetics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multi-scale data improves performance of machine learning model for long COVID identification.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- The role of genetic liability for psychiatric disorders and personality traits in post covid syndrome: data from three Nordic population cohorts.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Widespread gene-environment interactions shape the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Longitudinal study of genome-wide DNA methylation in individuals with and without post-acute symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection.Epigenomics · 2026Article
- Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in COVID-19 positive patients reveals alterations in pathways linked to neurological dysfunction.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Article
- Prioritizing long COVID related single nucleotide polymorphisms by mining genome-wide association studies of COVID-19 susceptibility and hospitalization.Frontiers in systems biology · 2026Article
- UK Household Longitudinal Study: cohort profile.BMJ medicine · 2026Article
- Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with long-lasting increase in circulating IL-32 levels.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
- Integrative multi-omics framework for causal gene discovery in Long COVID.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Human genetics implicate thromboembolism in the pathogenesis of long COVID in individuals of European ancestry.Nature cardiovascular research · 2025Article
- Pre-pandemic disease trajectories and genetic insights into long COVID susceptibility.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Global and Sex-Stratified Genome-Wide Association Study of Long COVID Based on Patient-Driven Symptom Recall.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The role of complement in long COVID pathogenesis.JCI insight · 2025Review
- Long COVID-19: A Concept Analysis.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- In Silico Analysis of Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC) Associated SNP rs9367106 Predicts the Molecular Basis of Abnormalities in the Lungs and Brain Functions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Intestinal barrier compromise, viral persistence, and immune dysregulation converge on neurological sequelae in Long COVID.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
- Genomic and ancestral variations linked to the development of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Indian populations.Frontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- Vaccination and COVID-19: impact on long-COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The Possible Mechanistic Basis of Individual Susceptibility to Spike Protein Injury.Advances in virology · 2025Review
- A multi-omics strategy to understand PASC through the RECOVER cohorts: a paradigm for a systems biology approach to the study of chronic conditions.Frontiers in systems biology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
104 authors.
Vilma Lammi *Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3256-5239
Tomoko Nakanishi *Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-5646
Samuel E Jones *Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0153-922X
Shea J AndrewsDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Juha KarjalainenInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Beatriz CortésGenomes for Life-GCAT Lab, CORE Program, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2656-7051
Heath E O'BrienSano Genetics Limited, London, UK.
Ana Ochoa-GuzmanUnidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
Brian E Fulton-HowardGenetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
Martin BrobergInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Hele H HaapaniemiInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Masahiro KanaiBroad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5165-4408
Matti PirinenInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1664-1350
Axel SchmidtInstitute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9780-7243
Ruth E MitchellMRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Abdou MousasDepartment of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
Massimo ManginoDepartment of Twin Research, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2167-7470
Alicia Huerta-ChagoyaProgram in Metabolism and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nasa Sinnott-ArmstrongHerbold Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
Elizabeth T CirulliHelix, San Mateo, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7808-2809
Marc VaudelMohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1179-9578
Alex S F KwongCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Amit K MaitiDepartment of Genetics and Genomics, Mydnavar, Southfield, MI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-3592
Minttu M MarttilaUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7891-4150
Daniel C PosnerVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3056-6924
Alexis A RodriguezData Science and Learning, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
Chiara BatiniDepartment of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7140-2985
Francesca MinnaiInstitute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council, Segrate, Italy.
Anna R DearmanInstitute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-2015
C A Robert WarmerdamDepartment of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8691-0053
Celia B SequerosNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9295-3073
Thomas W WinklerDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-5421
Daniel M JordanCharles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
Raimonds RešcenkoLatvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
Lorenzo MianoUniversità degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-6552-2027
Jacqueline M LaneBrigham and Women's Hospital Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6101-2855
Ryan K ChungCenter for Computational Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Beatriz Guillen-GuioDepartment of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Olivia C LeavyDepartment of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Laura Carvajal-SilvaDepartamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Kevin Aguilar-ValdésDepartamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Erika FrangioneMount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Lindsay GuareDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6988-5319
Ekaterina VergasovaGenotek Ltd, Moscow, Russia.
Eirini MarouliWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-1609
Pasquale StrianoIRCCS G Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6065-1476
Ummu Afeera ZainulabidDepartment of Internal Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia.
Ashutosh KumarDepartment of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Patna, Patna, India.
Hajar Fauzan AhmadFaculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al Sultan Abdullah, Pahang, Malaysia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2985-2496
Ryuya EdahiroDepartment of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
Shuhei AzekawaDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5538-6324
Long COVID Host Genetics Initiative
FinnGen
VA Million Veteran Program
MexGen-COVID Initiative
DBDS Genomic Consortium
GEN-COVID Multicenter Study
PHOSP-COVID Collaborative Group
GENCOV Study
Estonian Biobank Research Team
Shiuh-Wen LuohVA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Portland, OR, USA.
Christian ErikstrupDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6551-6647
Ole B V PedersenDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital-Køge, Køge, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2312-5976
Jordan Lerner-EllisMount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Alicia ColomboDepartamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Joseph J GrzymskiDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2646-8958
Makoto IshiiDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4396-1664
Yukinori OkadaDepartment of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0311-8472
Noam D BeckmannCharles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
Meena KumariInstitute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
Ralf WagnerInstitute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Iris M HeidDepartment of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4122-5308
Catherine JohnDepartment of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6057-2073
Patrick J ShortSano Genetics Limited, London, UK.
Per MagnusCentre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6427-4735
Laura AnsoneLatvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
Luca V C ValentiDepartment of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8909-0345
Sulggi A LeeDepartment of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1560-2250
Louise V WainDepartment of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4951-1867
Ricardo A VerdugoDepartamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Karina BanasikNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2489-2499
Frank GellerStatens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9238-3269
Lude H FrankeDepartment of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5159-8802
Alexander RakitkoGenotek Ltd, Moscow, Russia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-7734
Emma L DuncanDepartment of Endocrinology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Alessandra RenieriMedical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0846-9220
Konstantinos K TsilidisDepartment of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
Rafael de CidGenomes for Life-GCAT Lab, CORE Program, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3579-6777
Ahmadreza NiavaraniDigestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Erik AbnerEstonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6529-3161
Teresa Tusié-LunaInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
Shefali S VermaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5216-4670
George Davey SmithMRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-8314
Nicholas J TimpsonMRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7141-9189
Ravi K MadduriData Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-2887
Kelly ChoDepartment of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA.
Mark J DalyInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Andrea GannaInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8147-240X
Eva C SchulteDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3105-5672
J Brent RichardsDepartment of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3746-9086
Kerstin U LudwigInstitute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8541-2519
Michael Marks-HultströmDepartment of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-1099
Hugo ZebergDepartment of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. hugo.zeberg@ki.se.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-1249
Hanna M OllilaInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. hanna.m.ollila@helsinki.fi.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-6429
Funding
Conduits: Mount Sinai Health System Translational Science HubUL1TR004419 · NCATS · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI Rosalind J Wright · 2022 to 2026
$46.4MMHC Variation in Host Response to SARS-CoV2 and COVID-19 OutcomesR01AI159260 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI HOLLENBACH, JILL ALLISON · 2021 to 2025
$4.0MLong COVID as a putative subtype of chronic fatigue syndromeR01AI170850 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Richa Saxena · 2022 to 2026
$2.2MCOVID and Translational Science supercomputer (CATS)S10OD030463 · OD · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI KOVATCH, PATRICIA · 2021 to 2021
$2.0MBig Omics Data Engine 2 SupercomputerS10OD026880 · OD · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI KOVATCH, PATRICIA · 2019 to 2019
$2.0MElucidating the causal associations underlying Alzheimer's diseaseR00AG070109 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI ANDREWS, SHEA J · 2023 to 2025
$742kNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR004419NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI159260NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI170850NIA NIH HHS R00 AG070109NIH HHS S10 OD026880NIH HHS S10 OD030463Wellcome Trust
Abstract
Infections can lead to persistent symptoms and diseases such as shingles after varicella zoster or rheumatic fever after streptococcal infections. Similarly, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) infection can result in long coronavirus disease (COVID), typically manifesting as fatigue, pulmonary symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. The biological mechanisms behind long COVID remain unclear. We performed a genome-wide association study for long COVID including up to 6,450 long COVID cases and 1,093,995 population controls from 24 studies across 16 countries. We discovered an association of FOXP4 with long COVID, independent of its previously identified association with severe COVID-19. The signal was replicated in 9,500 long COVID cases and 798,835 population controls. Given the transcription factor FOXP4's role in lung physiology and pathology, our findings highlight the importance of lung function in the pathophysiology of long COVID.
Indexed as
COVID-19Forkhead Transcription FactorsGenome-Wide Association StudyCase-Control StudiesFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansMaleMiddle AgedPandemicsPolymorphism, Single NucleotidePost-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeSARS-CoV-2Forkhead Transcription Factors
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
None linked
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.