Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40398609›Full record

Trial reportJournal of affective disorders2025

Exploring the link between waking gamma and sleep delta power in healthy volunteers and individuals with treatment-resistant depression.

Mina Kheirkhah, Nadia S Hejazi, Allison C Nugent, Jessica R Gilbert, Lutz Leistritz, Martin Walter, Wallace C Duncan, David Goldman, Carlos A Zarate

2 registry-linked trialsAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of affective disorders, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT00088699 phase1 / phase2completednot on this map

Investigation of the Rapid (Next Day) Antidepressant Effects of an NMDA Antagonist

TypeinterventionalSponsorNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)Ran2004 to 2017Enrolled67ConditionsDepression, Mood Disorders, Major DepresssionArmsKetamine, Placebo
NCT01204918 phase2completednot on this map

Efficacy and Tolerability of Riluzole in Treatment Resistant Depression

TypeinterventionalSponsorYale UniversityRan2011 to 2015Enrolled104ConditionsDepressionArmsRiluzole, placebo
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Modulation of early non-rapid eye movement slow wave activity by ketamine in treatment-resistant depression.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026
    Trial
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Mina KheirkhahExperimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany.
Nadia S HejaziExperimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: nadia.hejazi@nih.gov.
Allison C NugentMagnetoencephalography Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: nugenta@mail.nih.gov.
Jessica R GilbertExperimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: jessica.gilbert@nih.gov.
Lutz LeistritzInstitute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: lutz.leistritz@med.uni-jena.de.
Martin WalterDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: martin.walter@med.uni-jena.de.
Wallace C DuncanExperimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: wduncan@mail.nih.gov.
David GoldmanNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: davidgoldman@mail.nih.gov.
Carlos A ZarateExperimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: zaratec@mail.nih.gov.

Funding

Target validation of novel therapeutic agents in mood disordersZIAMH002927 · NIMH · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH · PI ZARATE, CARLOS · 2010 to 2025
$37.1M
Intramural NIH HHS ZIA MH002927
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSleep disruptions are a core feature of both major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression (TRD), which is defined by persistent symptoms despite multiple treatment efforts. In addition, disruptions in wakeful gamma power and sleep-related delta power have been observed in individuals with TRD. This study explored the association between gamma oscillations (30-100 Hz) occurring during wakefulness and delta power (0.5-4 Hz) in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep-both of which have separately been implicated in plasticity-in healthy volunteers (HVs) and individuals with TRD. Specifically, the study explored whether a relationship exists between daytime wake gamma power and sleep NREM delta power in HVs and those with TRD.

methodsBrain activity was measured via electroencephalography (night-time) and magnetoencephalography (daytime resting state) in 23 HVs (9M/14F; 20-56 yrs) and 40 medication-free TRD participants (20 M/20F; 18-63 yrs).

resultsIn HVs, NREM episode (NREM1) sleep delta power correlated with daytime wake gamma power (r = 0.417; p = 0.04). This correlation was absent in TRD participants (r = 0.108; p = 0.50). LIMITATIONS: The sample size of the HVs (n = 23) was smaller than the TRD participants (n = 40), and the measurement order for wake gamma power and sleep delta power varied.

conclusionsThese findings identify a possible link between daytime wake gamma power and NREM1 sleep delta power in HVs, supporting an association between gamma and delta power in sleep homeostasis. The lack of such a relationship in medication-free individuals with TRD suggests disrupted synaptic homeostasis that may contribute to impaired synaptic plasticity in TRD. Clinical Trials Identifiers: NCT00088699 and NCT01204918.

Indexed as

BrainDelta RhythmDepressive Disorder, Treatment-ResistantGamma RhythmMajor Depressive DisorderSleepWakefulnessAdolescentAdultElectroencephalographyFemaleHealthy VolunteersHumansMagnetoencephalographyMaleMiddle AgedDaytime wake gamma powerHealthy volunteersNREM sleep delta powerSynaptic homeostasis hypothesisTreatment-resistant depression

Identifiers

PMID40398609
PMCPMC12172513

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.