ArticleMolecular biology reports2025
Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of eugenol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde against colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Article in Molecular biology reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Geraniol attenuates Streptococcus mutans biofilm and virulence as an anti-caries agent.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Plant Monoterpenes Geraniol, Eugenol and Carvacrol Against Multidrug-Resistant ESKAPE Isolates from Surgical Wounds.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Emerging hypervirulent and extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with potent biofilm formation as a new clinical challenge.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Antibacterial and anti-biofilm mechanisms of 1,8-cineole against colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: an integrated in vitro, gene expression, and in silico study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Silica Particles Functionalization with Thymol and Eugenol as a Novel Strategy to Control Histamine-Producing Bacteria.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- An integrative in silico and in vitro synergy of Cinnamomum verum essential oil and cinnamaldehyde with imipenem against extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Efficacy of 2-Phenyl Ethyl Methyl Ether Against Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2026Article
- Synergistic Activity of Eugenol, Cinnamaldehyde, and Carvacrol in Combination with Different Antibacterial Agents Against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Clinical Isolates.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Natural compounds: a promising therapeutic option for managing colistin-resistant bacteria and improving colistin activity.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Carvacrol exhibits potent anti-Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Biological characterization, sequence type distribution and drug resistance profiling ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Exposure to ceftazidime-avibactam induced antimicrobial resistance and enhanced virulence in aiScience · 2025Article
- Synergistic Interactions Between Natural Phenolic Compounds and Antibiotics Against Multidrug-ResistantMicroorganisms · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundColistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR K. pneumoniae) is considered one of the bacteria with the highest levels of antibiotic resistance, necessitating the discovery of alternative therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of eugenol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde to inhibit CR K. pneumoniae and the biofilm community of this bacterium.
methodThe minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiofilm effects of compounds were assessed using broth macrodilution and microtiter plate assays, respectively. Time-kill assays determined the bactericidal effects of natural compounds on CR K. pneumoniae isolates. Protein and nucleic acid leakage were examined to assess metabolic disruption and cell membrane integrity. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the effect of natural compounds on the expression of biofilm-related genes (mrkA, treC, and luxS).
resultsIn the disk diffusion test, the inhibition zones of eugenol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde were 15 ± 1, 29 ± 2, and 30 ± 1 mm, respectively. The MIC of eugenol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde were 260, 119, and 128 µg/mL, respectively. The time-kill assay demonstrated the rapid bactericidal effects of eugenol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde at 2× MIC, with kill times of 6, 2, and 3 h, respectively. At the MIC, the kill times were 12, 10, and 12 h, respectively. These compounds significantly released proteins and nucleic acids from the treated bacteria. They also inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted mature biofilms. Furthermore, mrkA and treC expression levels were significantly reduced in the presence of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde.
conclusionThese natural compounds demonstrated significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against CR K. pneumoniae, emerging as a promising natural alternative for treatment.
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