Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40397047›Full record

ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2025

Assessing Autism Co-Occurrence in Fragile X Syndrome: Proposing a Preliminary CARS-2 Cut-Off Score.

Tiffany Chavers Edgar, Marianne Elmquist, Claudia Schabes, Latifatu Mohammed, Amy Banasik, Audra Sterling

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Tiffany Chavers EdgarWaisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA. chaversedgar@wisc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6187-6231
Marianne ElmquistWaisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA.
Claudia SchabesDepartment of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Latifatu MohammedDepartment of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Amy BanasikWaisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA.
Audra SterlingWaisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA.

Funding

Research Project: Pathologic Significance of Maternal AutoantibodiesP50HD103526 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI LEONARD J. ABBEDUTO, Melissa Dawn Bauman · 2020 to 2026
$9.7M
Waisman Center Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research CenterP50HD105353 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI Qiang Chang · 2021 to 2026
$8.5M
POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING IN MENTAL RETARDATION RESEARCHT32HD007489 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI Sigan L Hartley · 1995 to 2026
$6.0M
Expressive Language Sampling as an Outcome MeasureR01HD074346 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI ABBEDUTO, LEONARD J. · 2013 to 2017
$3.9M
The relationship between language and the brain in neurodevelopmental disordersK23DC016639 · NIDCD · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI STERLING, AUDRA MARIE · 2018 to 2020
$511k
Grammatical Development in Boys with Fragile X Syndrome and AutismR03DC011616 · NIDCD · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI STERLING, AUDRA MARIE · 2011 to 2013
$438k
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development P50HD105353National Institute of Child Health and Human Development T32HD007489NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD103526NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD105353NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD074346NICHD NIH HHS T32 HD007489NIDCD NIH HHS K23 DC016639NIDCD NIH HHS K23DC016639NIDCD NIH HHS R01HD074346NIDCD NIH HHS R03 DC011616NIDCD NIH HHS R03DC011616
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the agreement between autism classification from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2; as reported by Lord (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition, Western Psychological Services, 2012)) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, 2nd edition (CARS-2; as reported by Schopler (The childhood autism rating scale, second edition (CARS-2), Western Psychological Services, 2010) in individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and to propose a preliminary optimal CARS-2 cut-off score for identifying co-occurring autism in FXS when using the ADOS-2 as gold-standard measure. Forty-three school-aged and adolescent individuals completed the ADOS-2, CARS-2, and cognitive assessments. We found a strong to very strong positive association between the CARS-2 total scores and ADOS-2 total scores for individuals with FXS, and fair agreement between the ADOS-2 and CARS-2 autism classification ratings. Using a receiver-operator characteristic curve, an optimal CARS-2 cut-off score of 24.25 was found for identifying autism in individuals with FXS. Our findings should be considered preliminary, as they represent an examination of measurement agreement rather than validation against comprehensive DSM-5 clinical diagnoses. Studies using CARS-2 in FXS should carefully evaluate the scores or consider using the CARS-2 as a continuous measure of autism traits until the results of this paper are replicated in a larger and more diverse sample.

Indexed as

AutismDiagnosticsFragile x syndromeMeasurement

Identifiers

PMID40397047
PMCPMC12321044

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.