Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40394053›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Global, regional, and national burden of female infertility and trends from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2050 based on the GBD 2021 analysis.

Jie Liu, Yi Qin, Hui Liu, Yonglin Liu, Yi Yang, Yumei Ning, Huijun Ye

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jie Liu *Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
Yi Qin *Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
Hui LiuDepartment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
Yonglin LiuDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
Yi YangDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
Yumei NingDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Mater Child and Reproductive Health Center, Hangzhou, 310021, China. ningyumei1002@sina.com.
Huijun YeDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China. yhuijun1168@163.com.

Funding

General scientific research project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education Y202351402Zhejiang Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Program 2023ZL428
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Female infertility represents a significant reproductive health issue that critically affects global fertility rates. In this study, we utilized the most recent data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021. Initially, we assessed the global burden by the number of female infertility prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), along with the age-standardized rate (ASR) per 100,000 individuals, stratified by age, sociodemographic index (SDI), nationality, and region. Furthermore, linear regression models were employed to examine the temporal trends of disease burden from 1990 to 2021. Cluster analysis facilitated the evaluation of disease burden change patterns across different GBD regions. Lastly, the autoregressive composite moving average model was applied to forecast future disease burdens. In 2021, the global prevalence of female infertility was estimated at 110,089,459, contributing to 6,210,145 DALYs, there was an observed increase of 84.44% in prevalence and 84.43% in DALYs since 1990. The highest burden occurred among individuals aged 35-39, with the most rapid increase observed in the 30-34 age group. The burden of female infertility displayed considerable variability across GBD regions and countries, with areas of high-medium SDI facing elevated risks. Projections indicate a continuing rise in the ASR of prevalence and DALYs for female infertility over the next 2 decades. The global burden of female infertility has intensified from 1990 to 2021, with notable disparities across different SDI regions and countries. Women aged 35-39 face the highest risk, and there is a trend toward earlier onset of infertility.

Indexed as

Global Burden of DiseaseInfertility, FemaleAdolescentAdultCost of IllnessDisability-Adjusted Life YearsFemaleGlobal HealthHumansMiddle AgedPrevalenceYoung AdultAge-standardized DALYs rateAge-standardized prevalence rateDisability-adjusted life yearsEstimated annual percentage changeFemale infertilityGlobal Burden of Disease

Identifiers

PMID40394053
PMCPMC12092605

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.