ArticleJAMA network open2025
Geographic and Sociodemographic Factors and Receipt of Metabolic Disease Specialty Care.
Article in JAMA network open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Disparities in GLP-1RA and SGLT2i Uptake: a Systematic Review and an Equity-First Framework for Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Care.Current cardiology reports · 2026Pooled it
- Transition to Virtual Diabetes Self-Management Education Delivery in the Setting of Health Care Disruption for Adults With Diabetes and Their Support Persons.The science of diabetes self-management and care · 2026Trial
- Promoting Access to Continuous Glucose Monitoring among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Rural Areas: A Report from the Field.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · 2026Article
- Equity by Design - Using Digital Technology To Overcome Cardiovascular Health Disparities.Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
- Echoes of Inequity: A Critical Examination of the Past, Present, and Future of Cardiac Health Equity.Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among adults with type 2 diabetes in the US. Endocrinology and cardiology care may improve outcomes for these patients, but access to this care is limited for many patients by practitioner shortages in rural areas and other barriers. Objective: To assess associations of geographic and sociodemographic factors with endocrinology and cardiology care receipt among adults with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease before and after widespread telemedicine uptake. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study used electronic medical record and public geographic and infrastructure data at a large health system spanning urban and rural counties in Pennsylvania. Participants were adults with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease who received primary care from January 2018 to June 2022. Exposures: Patient-level geographic measures, including distance to clinic, public transit, and cellular data access, and sociodemographic factors, including age, gender, race, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was at least 1 outpatient visit with endocrinology or cardiology. Geospatial analysis assessed patient-level geographic factors using zip code centroids, and separate multivariable logistic regression models evaluated associations between variables and endocrinology and cardiology care receipt. Analyses were stratified by period before (January 1, 2018, to March 15, 2020) and after (March 16, 2020, to June 30, 2022) COVID-19 pandemic-related telemedicine uptake; mixed-effects models tested for differences between periods. Results: Of 9546 adults (mean [SD] age, 68.5 [10.0] years; 5854 male [61%]; 82 Asian [1%]; 930 Black [10%]; 8451 White [89%]; 7877 urban [83%]), 1747 received endocrinology care and 5578 received cardiology care. In the pretelemedicine period, distance to endocrinology clinic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] per 10 miles, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.64-0.84) and older age (aOR per 10 years, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.66-0.75) were associated with lower odds of receiving endocrinology care. In the posttelemedicine period, the aOR for distance to clinic increased, but that for older age decreased. Black patients were less likely than White patients to receive cardiology care in the pretelemedicine period (aOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.82), and this association persisted in the posttelemedicine period. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of adults with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, geographic and sociodemographic factors were associated with receipt of endocrinology and cardiology care. Widespread availability of telemedicine may enhance equitable access to endocrinology care for patients facing geographic barriers, but disparities in use of specialty care by age and race persisted in the posttelemedicine period.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.