Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40392526›Full record

ArticleACS nano2025

The Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicle-Cloaked Immunostimulatory Nanoplatform Reinvigorates T Cell Function and Reprograms Tumor Immunity.

Yu-Han Lin, Chia-Wei Chen, Mei-Yi Chen, Li Xu, Xuejiao Tian, Siu-Hung Cheung, Yen-Ling Wu, Natnaree Siriwon, Si-Han Wu, Kurt Yun Mou

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in ACS nano, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed.

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  6. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles in Potentiating Cancer Vaccines: Progress and Prospects.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Yu-Han LinTaiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
Chia-Wei ChenGraduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
Mei-Yi ChenInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
Li XuGraduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
Xuejiao TianResearch Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
Siu-Hung CheungGraduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
Yen-Ling WuGraduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
Natnaree SiriwonChakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn 10540, Thailand.
Si-Han WuGraduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.ORCID 0000-0002-2586-7538
Kurt Yun MouTaiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.ORCID 0000-0001-5423-9031

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) represent powerful immunoadjuvant nanocarriers with the capacity to reprogram the tumor microenvironment (TME) and activate immune responses. Here, we investigate a nanotherapeutic platform integrating immunostimulatory cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs, hereafter termed CpG) into mesoporous silica nanoparticles cloaked with OMVs (CpG@MSN-PEG/PEI@OMVs) for cancer immunotherapy. Systemic administration of these nanohybrids facilitates precise tumor targeting, induces antitumor cytokines such as IFNγ, and suppresses immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β, reshaping the TME. Additionally, CpG@MSN-PEG/PEI@OMVs promote M1 macrophage polarization, dendritic cell maturation, and the generation of durable tumor-specific immune memory, resulting in pronounced tumor regression with minimal systemic toxicity. The platform demonstrates efficacy against metastatic and solid tumor models including 4T1 breast and MC38 colorectal cancers. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that CpG@MSN-PEG/PEI@OMVs enhance mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in T cells within tumor-draining lymph nodes, mitigating T cell exhaustion and restoring metabolic fitness. These results support the potential of CpG@MSN-PEG/PEI@OMVs as a modular nanoplatform to modulate innate and adaptive immunity in cancer immunotherapy.

Indexed as

Adjuvants, ImmunologicNanoparticlesOligodeoxyribonucleotidesT-LymphocytesAnimalsCell Line, TumorFemaleHumansImmunotherapyMiceMice, Inbred BALB CPolyethylene GlycolsSilicon DioxideTumor MicroenvironmentAdjuvants, ImmunologicCPG-oligonucleotideOligodeoxyribonucleotidesPolyethylene GlycolsSilicon Dioxidebacterial outer membrane vesiclesmesoporous silica nanoparticlesmitochondrial activityT cell exhaustion phenotypestumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID40392526
PMCPMC12139043

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.