ArticleThe Permanente journal2025
Unmasking Risk Factors for Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Dysfunction Resulting From Early Stages of the Pandemic: A Case-Control Study of Lost and Lingering Smells.
Article in The Permanente journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted olfactory dysfunction (OD) as a major and often persistent symptom in affected individuals. Thus, it is important to identify demographic and clinical factors contributing to OD among patients with COVID-19.
methodsA case-control (1:3) study was performed in adult patients with COVID-19 diagnosis between July 2020 and June 2021. Cases had OD; controls did not have OD. OD was subclassified as acute smell loss (< 3 months), chronic smell loss (> 3 months), or altered sense of smell (eg, parosmia, phantosmia). Bivariate tests and multivariable logistic regression were performed for analysis.
resultsOf the 4220 patients that met criteria, 1055 (25%) had OD. Of those with OD, 650 (61.6%) had acute smell reduction, 350 (33.2%) had chronic smell reduction, and 245 (23.2%) had altered sense of smell. Older (odds ratio [OR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79-0.89), male (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.54-0.72), and Asian (OR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59-0.95) patients were less likely to experience OD. Having seasonal allergies (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.11-1.86) and being hospitalized (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.14-2.02) increased the likelihood of OD development. Compared with acute loss, chronic smell loss was likelier in older, female, non-White, hospitalized, and cerebrovascular disease patients ( DISCUSSION: Understanding the course of post-COVID-19 OD is becoming increasingly important and may broaden these insights.
conclusionBeing younger, female, and atopic conferred highest likelihood of OD development after COVID-19.
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