ArticleJournal of inflammation (London, England)2025
Exosomes derived from M2 macrophages regulate airway inflammation by modulating epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Article in Journal of inflammation (London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Exosomes orchestrate immune homeostasis in acute ischemia-reperfusion flap injury and chronic wounds: the TLR4/NF-κB-STAT3 R-ratio balance decision model, engineering optimization and translational clinical strategy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Studies on allergic diseases and B cells in the past 20 years: a bibliometric analysis via CiteSpace and VOSviewer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) miR-155-5p promotes pulmonary fibrosis via epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung epithelial cells.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Reprogramming Inflammatory Macrophages with Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators: A Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategy for Asthma.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Polarized Macrophages and Their Exosomes: Implications for Autoimmune and Immune-Mediated Diseases.Biology · 2025Review
- Integrating Extracellular Vesicles Proteomics and Clinical Parameters to Develop a High-Precision Predictive Model for Severe Asthma.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAsthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway remodeling and immune dysregulation. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms by which M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2Φ-Exos) regulate airway inflammation in asthma by modulating epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis.
methodsM2Φ-Exos were extracted and characterized by morphology, size, and marker protein expression. In vitro, the effects of M2Φ-Exos on House Dust Mites (HDM)-stimulated mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE-12s) were evaluated using western blotting to analyze Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and cleaved caspase-3 expression. In vivo, M2Φ-Exos were administered to HDM-induced asthmatic mice to assess their impact on airway inflammation, epithelial remodeling, and proliferation-apoptosis balance using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Cytokine levels in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured by qRT-PCR and ELISA.
resultsM2Φ-Exos displayed typical cup-shaped morphology, an average diameter of 115.5 nm, and expressed marker proteins CD9, TSG101, and CD63. MLE-12 cells internalized M2Φ-Exos, leading to reduced abnormal proliferation and apoptosis in HDM-stimulated cells. In asthmatic mice, M2Φ-Exos alleviated airway inflammation and epithelial thickening while reducing PCNA, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax levels and increasing Bcl-2 expression. M2Φ-Exos suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, while enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and IL-10.
conclusionThese findings demonstrate that M2Φ-Exos regulate the imbalance in epithelial proliferation and apoptosis in asthma, reducing inflammation and mitigating tissue remodeling, and provide new insights into potential therapeutic strategies for asthma management.
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