ArticleNPJ biofilms and microbiomes2025
Gender differences in global antimicrobial resistance.
Article in NPJ biofilms and microbiomes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Why probiotics fail: gut niche tension as the missing variable?Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm-Forming Capacity of Oral Biofilm Bacteria in Patients With Periodontitis and Healthy Individuals.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance Under a Changing Climate.Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · 2026Article
- Oral antibiotic exposure and urinary tract infection risk in adults: a self-controlled case series study.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Implementing portable, real-time 16S rRNA sequencing in the healthcare sector enhances antimicrobial stewardship.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Population-Level Uncoupling of Antimicrobial Usage and Resistance in Community-OnsetPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Integrated multi-omics analysis of fluoroquinolone tolerance mechanisms induced by enrofloxacin in Pasteurella multocida.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Antibiotic-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis: risks and strategies for mitigation.The EMBO journal · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial resistance in Palestine: Emerging hotspots and trends from a 4-year hospital-based study.IJID regions · 2026Article
- The Gut Bacterial Resistome in the First Two Years of Life: Protocol for a Longitudinal Observational Birth Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Diet and environmental factors jointly drive the gut microbiome, resistome, and virulome of urban bats.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Effects of Age, Sex, and Social Network on Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Gut Microbiome of Tibetan Macaques (Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- Resistance Dynamics in a Romanian Critical Care Unit: Four Years of ESKAPE Pathogen Surveillance.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Observational
- A five-year retrospective analysis of antimicrobial resistance patterns in clinical bacterial isolates from the Jazeera University Laboratory in Mogadishu, Somalia.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the leading causes of mortality globally. However, little is known about the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in human gut metagenomes, collectively referred to as the resistome, across socio-demographic gradients. In particular, limited evidence exists on gender-based differences. We investigated how the resistomes differ between women and men in a global dataset of 14,641 publicly available human gut metagenomes encompassing countries with widely variable economic statuses. We observed a 9% higher total ARG load in women than in men in high-income countries. However, in low- and middle-income countries, the difference between genders was reversed in univariate models, but not significant after adjusting for covariates. Interestingly, the differences in ARG load between genders emerged in adulthood, suggesting resistomes differentiate between genders after childhood. Collectively, our data-driven analyses shed light on global, gendered antibiotic resistance patterns, which may help guide further research and targeted interventions.
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