ArticlePloS one2025
Effect of simulated handball match-induced fatigue on isokinetic hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio and evertor-to-invertor ratio in professional players.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
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- Article
- Comparative analysis of isokinetic ratios between hamstrings and quadriceps in wrestlers: Resting state versus post-fatigue evaluation.PloS one · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Knee and ankle injuries are the most common injuries in handball players. Many of these injuries occur toward the end of the game when fatigue sets in. The underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are not well understood. This study investigated the effect of a handball match-simulation protocol on the hamstring-to-quadriceps (H:Q) and evertor-to-invertor (E:I) peak torque ratios. Thirty professional male handball players from Iranian super league teams participated in this study. Isokinetic concentric peak torque of the hamstrings, quadriceps, ankle invertor, and ankle evertors were measured at angular velocities of 60, 120, and 180 deg/s before and after the simulated handball match-induced fatigue protocol using a Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer. Peak torque ratio of H:Q and E:I were calculated and compared between pre- and post-fatigue conditions. Fatigue significantly reduced H:Q peak torque ratio at 60 (p = 0.049), 120 (p = 0.002) and 180 (p = 0.014) deg/s, as well as E:I peak torque ratio at 60 (p = 0.010), 120 (p = 0.003) and 180 (p = 0.003) deg/s. These changes could contribute to an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and lateral ankle sprains. Given the greater reduction in the H:Q peak torque ratio in hamstring muscles, targeted strengthening and improving the endurance of these muscles is recommended for professional handball players to mitigate fatigue effects.
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