ReviewMovement disorders clinical practice2025
Functional Movement Disorder: Evolving Mechanisms, Diagnostic Precision, and Personalized Multidisciplinary Care.
Review in Movement disorders clinical practice, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Accelerated Split-Belt Gait Adaptation in Patients with Functional Tremor: Clues to a Generalized Precipitating Trait?Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Preventing Parkinson's disease in the context of movement disorders: a narrative review of current evidence and future directions.Neurological research and practice · 2026Review
- Comorbidities Across Functional Neurological Disorder Subtypes: A Comprehensive Narrative Synthesis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Tremor: Clinical Frameworks, Network Dysfunction and Therapeutics.Brain sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFunctional movement disorder (FMD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by involuntary motor symptoms that are inconsistent with known neurological diseases and linked to dysfunction in brain networks involved in motor control, emotion regulation, attention, and agency.
objectiveTo provide an updated and integrative review of the clinical, neurobiological, and therapeutic dimensions of FMD, incorporating recent evidence across diagnostic and treatment modalities.
methodsWe conducted a comprehensive review of the leading studies on FMD, emphasizing the most common clinical presentations: functional tremor, dystonia, myoclonus, parkinsonism, gait disorder, and tics. Drawing on recent evidence, we examined recovery-associated factors and integrated these insights into a structured diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.
resultsFMD primarily affects women and typically presents with tremor, weakness, or mixed motor symptoms. Phenotypic heterogeneity is common; non-motor symptoms such as pain, fatigue, and psychiatric comorbidities contribute to clinical complexity. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies reveal salience, interoception, and motor network disruptions, often involving the amygdala, sensorimotor cortex, and temporoparietal junction. Diagnosis relies on positive clinical signs rather than exclusion. A five-phase diagnostic framework is recommended, including neurological examination, patient-centred communication, and multidisciplinary engagement. Treatment requires an individualized approach combining physiotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, neuromodulation, pharmacotherapy, and digital tools. Prognosis varies, but early diagnosis, a strong therapeutic alliance, and patient confidence in recovery improve outcomes.
conclusionsFMD is a multisystem disorder requiring integrated, personalized, and humanized care. Advances in neurobiology and therapeutic modalities offer promise, but unmet needs remain-particularly the development of diagnostic biomarkers, standardized outcome measures, and scalable treatment models.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.