ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
An update on the clinical trial research of immunotherapy for glioblastoma.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Oncolytic virus OVV-03 enhances CAR-T cell therapy against glioblastoma via immune modulation and specific HER2 upregulation.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Elevated BTLA Expression Correlates with an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment and Defines Dysfunctional Circulating T Cells in Human Glioblastoma.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a time-to-event meta-analysis of phase II and III randomized controlled trials.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Integrating Molecular Pathology, Tumor Microenvironment, and Novel Therapies to Overcome Resistance in Glioblastoma.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Review
- Article
- Evolving Landscape of Glioblastoma Research: Integrating Therapeutic Advances and Diagnostic Frontiers.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Locoregional Delivery of miRNAs for Glioblastoma Treatment: A Systematic Review of Advances in Delivery Systems.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Review
- Mathematical Modeling of the Role of Cytokines in Sindbis Virus Treatment of Glioblastoma.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Article
- Antibody therapies in glioblastoma: Overcoming micro-environmental barriers.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Review
- Current Status and Evolution of Immunotherapy in Glioma Management.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
- Chimeric antigen receptor macrophages therapy for glioblastoma: challenges and opportunities from preclinical evidence to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Combined Tumor Cell and Lysate-Based Vaccines for Immunotherapy of Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma (GBM).Cancers · 2025Review
- CAR-T cells immunotherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Review
- Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) as a novel oncolytic virotherapy in glioblastoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Review
- Current strategies and novel immunotherapeutic approaches for overcoming immune resistance in glioblastoma.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- CRISPR screen reveals SOX2 as a critical regulator of CD133 and cellular stress response in glioblastoma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoints in immune response to glioma: two sides of the same coin.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, characterized by a high rate of recurrence and mortality. The median overall survival is less than 2 years with the current standard therapy. As immunotherapy has begun to show promising results in solid tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma in recent years, immnunotherapy for patients with glioblastoma is also in full swing, which is mainly consisted of immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell and oncolytic viral therapy. However, the application of immunotherapy in glioblastoma is severely hampered by cognitive impairment of intracerebral lymphatic system, the existence of blood-brain barrier, highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and GBM's intrinsic features, including low tumor mutation burden and high heterogeneity. This review systematically evaluates recently published clinical trial outcomes of GBM immunotherapy, critically analyses both the progress and limitations of these trials, thoroughly examines current barriers to effective immunotherapy, and highlights promising preclinical studies that may guide future therapeutic development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.