ArticleTobacco induced diseases2025
The global burden of smoking-related prostate cancer from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2031.
Article in Tobacco induced diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Smoking and the risk of prostate cancer: a review of risk and disease progression.Genes and environment : the official journal of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society · 2025Review
- Global Disparities and Temporal Trends in Prostate, Bladder, and Kidney Cancer Burden Among Men: A Systematic Analysis of 204 Countries (1990-2021).Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer CenterArticle
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9 authors.
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Abstract
introductionSmoking is a significant risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa), a major health threat for aging males globally. This study evaluates the worldwide burden of smoking-related PCa from 1990 to 2021 and projects trends to 2031.
methodsUsing Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, we analyzed age-standardized rates (ASRs) and estimated annual percentage changes for mortality, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) across different age groups, sociodemographic index (SDI) levels, regions, and countries, employing hierarchical clustering and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling.
resultsFrom 1990 to 2021, global smoking-related prostate cancer burden declined, with annual reductions in ASRs for mortality, YLLs, and DALYs, while YLDs initially increased before declining. Age-specific analysis revealed the highest ASRs for mortality, YLLs, and DALYs in the 90-94 years age group, whereas YLDs peaked at 70-74 years of age. SDI regions exhibited elevated ASRs but the most pronounced declines, and were the only areas with negative YLD trends. The disparity in disability rates between high and low SDI countries diminished from 7.33 (95% CI: 6.04-8.63) in 1990 to 3.78 (95% CI: 2.64-4.92) in 2021, and the concentration index decreased from 0.34 (95% CI: 0.28-0.39) to 0.15 (95% CI: 0.10-0.20). The ARIMA models predict that DALYs will decrease from 3.215 (95% CI: 3.169-3.26) in 2022 to 2.69 (95% CI: 2.159-3.221) in 2031, YLLS will decrease from 2.827 (95% CI: 2.787-2.866) to 2.336 (95% CI: 1.855-2.817), YLDs and deaths will stabilize in a gradually decreasing trend.
conclusionsDespite improved global equity in smoking-related PCa burden, targeted interventions for elderly populations, enhanced tobacco control policies, and region-specific prevention strategies remain essential to further reduce this preventable disease burden worldwide.
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