ArticleCureus2025
Prediction of Japan Score and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Risk Scores for Patients Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery by Serum Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Endothelin-1 Levels.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Growth differentiation factor 15: from stress response to clinical utility in chronic liver diseases.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe Society of Thoracic Surgeons surgical risk score (STS Score) is widely used to assess risk in cardiac surgery along with the Japan Score (Japan surgical risk score) in conjunction with the various biomarkers.
methodsPreoperative blood tests were performed on 127 patients who subsequently underwent cardiovascular surgery (78 men, 49 women; mean age, 69.5 years). Serum levels of growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, endothelin-1, and adiponectin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and used as independent variables in multivariate regression analysis with the STS Score or Japan Score as the dependent variable.
resultsSerum levels of GDF-15, endothelin-1, and adiponectin correlated positively with the STS Score, the Japan Score, and the plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level, and correlated negatively with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and hemoglobin and albumin levels. After adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, multivariate linear regression analysis showed that log (GDF-15) defined log (STS Score), and log (GDF-15) and log (endothelin-1) were independent factors defining log (Japan Score) (GDF-15: β = 0.372, p < 0.001; endothelin-1: β = 0.213, p = 0.016). eGFR and levels of hemoglobin and albumin defined log (GDF-15), and log (BNP) defined log (endothelin-1).
conclusionsThe STS Score and the Japan Score were associated with serum GDF-15 level in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. It is likely that the Japan Score had a stronger association with heart failure than the STS Score.
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Registered trials
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