Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of metformin as an adjunctive therapy in Parkinson's disease.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Neuroinflammation is considered a key factor contributing to the pathophysiology of PD. Current gold-standard therapies for PD provide only symptomatic relief without slowing disease progression, highlighting the need to develop new disease-modifying treatments. Metformin has been demonstrated to exert a neuroprotective role in several neurodegenerative disorders including PD. Aim: This study aimed to clarify the role of metformin as adjuvant therapy in patients with PD. Methods: Sixty patients with PD were divided into 2 groups (n = 30). Patients in group 1 received levodopa/carbidopa (250/25 mg) three times daily for 3 months plus placebo (Control group), while those in group 2 received levodopa/carbidopa (250/25 mg) three times daily and 500 mg metformin two times daily (Metformin group). Patients were assessed via Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The serum concentrations of toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4), α-synuclein, brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) were measured before and after treatment. Primary outcome: The improvement in UPDRS from baseline to 3 months. Secondary outcome: Change in the level of biological markers. Results: The control group did not show significant difference in UPDRS when compared to their baseline value by Wilcoxon test ( Conclusion: While no significant differences in UPDRS scores were observed between the metformin and control groups, trends in biomarker changes suggest a potential impact of adjunctive metformin use on the underlying pathophysiology of PD. Further studies are needed to assess its effects on motor symptoms over a longer duration. Clinical Trial Registration: identifier NCT05781711.