ArticleACS omega2025
Influence of Polyoxyethylene Stearyl Ether and Subsequent Annealing on n-Type Doping of CNT Yarns for Flexible Thermoelectric Generators.
Article in ACS omega, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn is a promising element for flexible/wearable thermoelectric (TE) generators due to its high electrical conductivity and structural flexibility. However, one of the challenges is controlling the n-type doping and its air stability, which are essential for fabricating p-n-combined π-type cells and optimizing their performance. An obstacle to doping control is the unintentional p-type doping caused by oxygen in the atmosphere. This paper demonstrates a simple and effective way to fabricate weakly doped n-type CNT yarns using a nonionic oligomer surfactant, polyoxyethylene (50) stearyl ether, and postannealing. Although the as-prepared CNT yarn showed p-type characteristics in air as frequently reported, surfactant-adsorbed yarn became relatively stable n-type after annealing at 200-300 °C. However, annealing at 400-500 °C turned the CNT yarn into p-type again. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the surfactant physisorbed on CNT is positively charged to be multivalent cations and acts as an n-type dopant after annealing at 200-300 °C. However, the surfactant is removed after annealing at 400-500 °C, and negatively charged oxygen in the carboxy group, chemisorbed on CNT, acts as a p-type dopant. These results imply that the polyoxyethylene (50) stearyl ether plays multiple roles in obtaining n-type CNT yarn: a surfactant to disperse CNTs in water, an electron donor to make CNTs n-type, and a protective cap against oxygen attack on the CNT.
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