Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40382963›Full record

ArticleThe Science of the total environment2025

Outdoor temperature as a confounder of blood pressure in randomized trials.

Doug Brugge, Misha Eliasziw, Amy Mertl, Sharly Palma, Chermaine Morson, Teresa Vazquez-Dodero, Warren Goldstein-Gelb, Anil Gurcan, Sangita Kunwar, Hunter Gates and 3 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in The Science of the total environment, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Trial
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Doug BruggeDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington and Storrs, CT, USA. Electronic address: Brugge@uchc.edu.
Misha EliasziwDepartment of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
Amy MertlBiological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA, USA.
Sharly PalmaDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington and Storrs, CT, USA.
Chermaine MorsonDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington and Storrs, CT, USA.
Teresa Vazquez-DoderoDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington and Storrs, CT, USA.
Warren Goldstein-GelbThe Welcome Project, Somerville, MA, USA.
Anil GurcanOffice of Transportation Planning at MassDOT, Suffolk County, MA, USA.
Sangita KunwarDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington and Storrs, CT, USA.
Hunter GatesDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington and Storrs, CT, USA.
Scott Oakley HerseyOlin College of Engineering, 1000 Olin Way, Needham, MA, USA.
Francesca MajlufOlin College of Engineering, 1000 Olin Way, Needham, MA, USA.
Wig ZamoreSomerville Transportation Equity Partnership, Somerville, MA, USA.

Funding

HAFTRAP-Home Air Filtration for Traffic-Related Air PollutionR01ES030289 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCH OF MED/DNT · PI BRUGGE, DOUG · 2019 to 2024
$2.5M
NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES030289
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTemperature is a time varying factor that is associated with blood pressure and has the potential to be a confounder in randomized crossover trials.

methodsWe assessed the effect of temperature on blood pressure within the Home Air Filtration for Traffic-Related Air Pollution study, a randomized crossover trial of air purifiers in homes. We assessed the association of blood pressure with both outdoor and indoor temperatures using 190 paired blood pressure measurements that were not affected by the presence of air purifiers in the preceding month.

resultsMean (standard error) peripheral systolic blood pressure was observed to change by +0.24 (0.09) mmHg per 1 °F colder outdoor temperature and by -0.28 (0.07) mmHg per 1 °F warmer (P < 0.001). Results were similar, although somewhat smaller for peripheral diastolic blood pressure. Associations were nearly identical for central blood pressures. We found much smaller effects for indoor temperatures, none of which approached statistical significance, as indoor temperatures were more stable and did not change as much over the study period.

conclusionsDespite the cooling and warming of outdoor temperatures being associated with increases and decreases in blood pressure, we believe that outdoor temperature may also be a surrogate marker of particulate matter air pollution. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, randomized trials using blood pressure as outcomes would be well advised to measure temperature and consider it a potential time-varying confounder in the analyses.

Indexed as

Air PollutionBlood PressureEnvironmental ExposureTemperatureAir FiltersAir PollutantsConfounding Factors, EpidemiologicCross-Over StudiesFemaleHumansMaleParticulate MatterRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicAir PollutantsParticulate MatterAir purifiersConfoundingParticulate air pollutionRandomized crossover trialTemperature

Identifiers

PMID40382963
PMCPMC12103984

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.