ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2025
Patterns of drug and sexual HIV transmission risk behaviors: A latent class analyses of men and women who inject drugs and are living with HIV in Kazakhstan.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Determinants of HIV Testing Uptake Among People Who Use New Psychoactive Substances in Kazakhstan: A Multi-Regional Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Delayed ART initiation and poor immune reconstitution among drug-using HIV patients in two hospitals in China: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- HIV Infection, Neurotoxicity, Inflammation, Premature Aging, and Therapeutic Challenges to PLWH: An Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
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6 authors.
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Abstract
introductionCentral Asia has one of the fastest-growing HIV epidemics globally. Suboptimal anti-retroviral treatment (ART) coverage and viral suppression among people who inject drugs (PWID) and are living with HIV increase transmission risk to injection and sexual partners. Men and women may have distinct patterns of HIV transmission risk behaviors, but little is known about how these behaviors co-occur. This paper identifies HIV transmission risk typologies among PWID and examines associated health outcomes by sex.
methodsBetween February 2017 and June 2019, we recruited 450 men and 166 women (N = 616) PWID living with HIV in Kazakhstan. Latent class analysis identified heterogenous patterns of injection and sexual risk behaviors. Multinomial logistic regression examined how criminal-justice involvement, drug use and health outcomes varied by risk patterns.
resultsART coverage was 71 % and viral suppression was 43 %, with little variation by sex. Among men, latent classes included: No injection & Low Sexual Risk (41.8 %), Injection & Sexual Risk (36.4 %), and Low Injection & High Injection Risk (21.8 %) behaviors. Both injection risk classes were associated with higher odds of detention, drug use, and overdose. Among women, classes included: Low Injection & Sexual Risk (60.7 %), Sex Work Behaviors & Injection Risk (8.4 %), High Injection & Sexual Risk (30.7 %) behaviors. Sex Work Behaviors & Injection Risk was associated with higher odds of detention, heroin use, and verbal police harassment.
conclusionPWID living with HIV in Kazakhstan exhibit high-risk behaviors and low viral suppression. Distinct patterns by sex underscore the need for tailored harm reduction strategies and retention in HIV care.
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