ArticleCommunications medicine2025
Immune imprinting and vaccine interval determine antibody responses to monovalent XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccination.
Article in Communications medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- mRNA-based influenza vaccine expands the B cell response breadth in humans.Nature immunology · 2026Observational
- Serotype skewing and immune imprinting shape response to the tetravalent dengue virus Qdenga vaccine.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection reveals imprinted antibody responses in the absence of vaccination.iScience · 2026Article
- Building better antibody responses: The interplay of infection, vaccination, and immune imprinting.PNAS nexus · 2026Review
- Article
- A narrative review of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes and vaccine efficacy: strategizing pandemic preparedness in Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Severe Outcomes Among Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19 from May 2021 to January 2023.Vaccines · 2025Article
- The Yin and Yang of Antibodies in Viral Infectious Diseases.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Immune imprinting and vaccine interval determine antibody responses to monovalent XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccination.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- The landscape of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants: Insights from a stratified vaccination cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs COVID-19 becomes endemic and vaccines are annually adapted, exposure intervals and immune imprinting become critical considerations for vaccination strategy. Imprinting by the ancestral spike protein affected bivalent Wuhan-Hu-1/BA.4-5 vaccine responses. We assess the persistence of imprinting in antibody responses to the more recent XBB.1.5 monovalent formulation.
methodsWe quantified live virus-neutralizing antibodies by focus reduction neutralization test and ancestral spike receptor-binding isotype titers by immunosorbent assay in individuals before and after XBB.1.5 vaccination. We compared responses between those who previously received three to four doses of Wuhan-Hu-1 vaccine and one dose of bivalent Wuhan-Hu-1/BA.4-5 (bivalent recipients) and those who received three to four doses of Wuhan-Hu-1 (bivalent non-recipients).
resultsWe report that before XBB.1.5 vaccination, bivalent non-recipients have decreased breadth and potency of neutralization. At post-vaccination, non-recipients exhibit greater boosting of neutralizing antibodies against XBB.1.5 (18.4X versus 6.2X), EG.5.1 (30.9X versus 7.0X), and JN.1 (9.2X versus 3.7X) variants with comparable breadth and trends toward greater potency. Greater boosting in non-recipients is similarly observed for spike-binding IgA and total IgG/A/M but not IgG nor IgM. Bivalent non-recipients had longer intervals between vaccination, which may enhance antibody responses; however, bivalent receipt and interval are tightly linked, preventing isolation of individual contributions to boosting. Nonetheless, back-boosting of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 titers in both participant groups provides interval-independent evidence that imprinting persists.
conclusionsOur findings indicate that immune imprinting continues to affect humoral immunity elicited by the XBB.1.5 vaccine. Both imprinting and exposure intervals are important phenomena underlying immunogenicity of future variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.