Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40379909›Full record

ArticleAAPS PharmSciTech2025

Formulation and In-Vitro Testing of Nebulized Camostat Mesylate Loaded Nanoliposomes for the Treatment of SARS-CoV- 2 Infection.

Rama Kashikar, Arun Kumar Kotha, Rakshya Shrestha, Rudragouda Channappanavar, Mahavir Bhupal Chougule

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Article in AAPS PharmSciTech, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Rama KashikarIngenious Biopharma-Engineered Drugs and Biologics Delivery Laboratory (Ibd2 Lab), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, USA.
Arun Kumar KothaIngenious Biopharma-Engineered Drugs and Biologics Delivery Laboratory (Ibd2 Lab), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, USA.
Rakshya ShresthaDepartment of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA.
Rudragouda ChannappanavarDepartment of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA.
Mahavir Bhupal ChouguleIngenious Biopharma-Engineered Drugs and Biologics Delivery Laboratory (Ibd2 Lab), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, USA. Chougule_MB@mercer.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9879-4344

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

COVID- 19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV- 2, has arisen as a global health epidemic, claiming the lives of millions of people throughout the world. Combating the pandemic has involved developing and approving vaccines and antiviral products. Camostat Mesylate (Camo) is a TMPRSS2 inhibitor that inhibits virus-cell membrane fusion and, thereby, viral multiplication. Significant limitations of using oral Camo include the limited amount of Camo reaching the site of action, lungs, side effects due to distribution to all tissues, and enzymatic breakdown in the gut. This investigation aims to develop self-administrable and patient-compliant extended-release Camo-loaded pegylated nanoliposomes (Camo-pegNLs) for delivering Camo directly to the lungs, thereby enabling faster onset of action and overcoming limitations of oral Camo delivery. We developed the Camo-pegNLs were composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol- 3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol- 3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE-PEG, MW2000) and cholesterol using the ethanol injection technique and syringe pump. The NLs were characterized for their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential using Malvern Zetasizer. The assay, unentrapped Camo using Vivaspin 500 ultrafilter (10 kDa) and in-vitro release were determined. The Camo content was analyzed using a validated HPLC method. The aerodynamic properties of Camo-pegNLs were determined using a Westech Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI) at 28.3L/min and a pneumatic jet nebulizer. The antiviral effect of Camo-pegNLs was assessed in Vero cells expressing TMPRSS2 and infected with SARS-CoV- 2. Camo-pegNLs suspension showed size of 167.50 ± 0.90 nm, zeta potential of 0.48 ± 0.04 mV, and PDI of 0.07 ± 0.01. The quantity of entrapped Camo was found to be 44.86 ± 1.35%w/v, and the drug loading was 27.41 ± 0.04%w/w. The Camo-pegNL- 2 had an extended release of up to 24 h, MMAD of 4.295 ± 0.1 µm, GSD of 1.915 ± 0.064, and FPF of 42.01% ± 6.90. Camo-pegNLs showed a significant antiviral effect on Vero cells compared to no treatment group (p < 0.01). An efficacious nebulized Camo-pegNLs suspension product was successfully developed for direct lung delivery to Camo-pegNLs to treat the SARS-CoV- 2 infection.

Indexed as

Antiviral AgentsGuanidinesNanoparticlesThiazolesAdministration, InhalationAnimalsBenzamidinesChemistry, PharmaceuticalChlorocebus aethiopsCOVID-19COVID-19 Drug TreatmentDelayed-Action PreparationsDrug CompoundingEstersHumansLiposomesAntiviral AgentsBenzamidinescamostatDelayed-Action PreparationsEstersGuanidinesLiposomesPolyethylene GlycolsThiazolesCamostat mesylateExtended-releaseNebulized nanoliposomesSARS-CoV- 2Serine protease inhibitor

Identifiers

PMID40379909

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.