Selectivity of membrane-active peptides: the role of electrostatics and other membrane biophysical properties.

Membrane-active peptides (MAPs) are versatile molecules that interact with lipid bilayers, facilitating processes such as antimicrobial defense, anticancer activity, and membrane translocation. Given that most MAPs are cationic, their selectivity for specific cell membranes has traditionally been attributed to variations in membrane surface charge. However, growing evidence suggests that electrostatics alone cannot fully explain MAPs selectivity. Instead, MAPs activity is also strongly influenced by other membrane biophysical properties, such as lipid packing, phase state, curvature, and the spatial distribution of hydrophobic and charged residues within the peptide sequence. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the biophysical determinants of MAPs selectivity. We begin by examining membrane and cell surface electrostatics and their influence on MAPs-membrane interactions, including electrostatically driven peptide conformational changes and lipid recruitment. We then broaden the discussion to include non-electrostatic factors, such as membrane curvature and rheology, which are primarily influenced by sterol or hopanoid content, as well as acyl chain unsaturation and branching. Together, these processes highlight that MAPs selectivity is not governed by any single membrane property but instead emerges from a synergistic interplay of electrostatic, hydrophobic, and topological factors. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12551-025-01309-7.