ArticleScientific reports2025
Tumor budding and poorly differentiated clusters as a biological continuum in colorectal cancer invasion and prognosis.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- A modified CAP-based grading system incorporating non-tubular components for prognostic stratification in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Predicting pathological lymph node status in clinical stage I/II tongue cancer.International journal of clinical oncology · 2026Article
- CLDN-2 Expression Aligns with Invasion-Associated Epithelial Remodeling in Colorectal Cancer.Cancers · 2026Article
- Digital Pathology and the AI-Based Quantification of the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastrointestinal Cancer: From Tumor Budding and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes to Tertiary Lymphoid Structures.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Tumor Budding in Gastric Carcinoma: Beyond Counting Cells at the Invasive Front-A Review of Current Evidence and Biological Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Tumor Budding in Colorectal Carcinoma-From Incidental Observation to Prognostic Marker: Lessons Learned from Colorectal Cancer Assessment.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Distance-based evaluation of tumor budding in colorectal cancer.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2026Article
- CDX2 expression dynamics in tumor clusters: a morpho-molecular biomarker in rectal cancer pretreatment biopsies revealed by sequential immunofluorescence.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prognostic significance and clinicopathological association of tumor budding and poorly differentiated clusters in cutaneous malignant melanoma.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Tumor budding (TB) and poorly differentiated clusters (PDCs) are features of infiltrative growth patterns and powerful independent prognostic factors in colorectal cancer (CRC), yet the underlying biological mechanisms behind their role in CRC invasion is less understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular background and prognostic role of tumor cluster size at the invasive margin (IM) of CRC, and determine whether a biological continuum between TB and PDCs exists. Using a combination of spatial transcriptomic and immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques, we demonstrated a biological continuum from larger to smaller tumor clusters, with TB possessing greater invasive potential than PDCs. We deployed artificial intelligence on a cohort of 1134 Stage I-III CRC resections to automatically detect nearly 400,000 isolated tumor cells/clusters of any particular size across the IM. We determined that 2-celled clusters were the most abundant feature at the IM, and the simultaneous assessment of TB and PDCs yielded a prognostic performance stronger than either independently. Our study provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind CRC invasion while improving risk stratification for Stage I-III CRC.
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