Educational environment changes toward resident duty hour restrictions in Japan.

Japan's workplace reforms, including a 60-hour weekly work limit for medical residents, that has been in effect from April 2024, have raised concerns about compliance and its impact on training quality. This study analyzed data from 17,967 residents who participated in the General Medicine In-Training Examination from 2019 to 2022, focusing on weekly duty hours, clinical responsibilities, and training environments. Duty hours increased from 2019 to 2021, before declining in 2022. The proportion of residents working over 60 h per week decreased from 57 to 49%, while those working under 50 h increased from 12 to 19%. Concurrently, the percentage of residents managing zero to four inpatients rose from 18 to 39%. University hospital residents reported shorter duty hours but fewer patient encounters and diminished clinical exposure compared to community hospital residents. These findings underscore the educational consequences of duty-hour restrictions, particularly in university hospitals, where reduced clinical responsibilities may compromise competency-based training. The results highlight the need for balanced policies that ensure compliance while maintaining sufficient clinical exposure. Future reforms should prioritize equitable workload distribution, increased clinical opportunities, and targeted interventions to address disparities between hospital types, thereby ensuring the dual goals of resident well-being and high-quality medical education.