The development of the Polish version of the Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales.

Compassion has been a subject of extensive scientific research for over two decades. There is clear evidence that our capacity for compassion evolved out of care motivation. Like all motivations it is operated via stimulus response algorithms. For compassion motivation stimulus sensitivity focuses on the processing of indicators of suffering, distress and need, called engagement. The response functions switch attention and processing to what is likely to be helpful in alleviating suffering, distress and need, called action. The Compassion Engagement and Action Scales (CEAS) were developed to measure the S-R algorithm of compassion. Because compassion, like other psychological phenomena can operate interpersonally and intrapersonally, there are three scales that give separate assessments for directing compassion to 1. the self, 2. others and 3. responsiveness to compassion from others. They have been used in many international studies and there is now substantial evidence. The research aimed to validate the CEAS within a Polish population. The three cross-sectional studies involved a total of 1,219 participants from Poland. Confirmatory factor analysis conducted on two separate samples indicates that bifactor models provide the best fit for both the Compassion for Others scale and the Compassion from Others scale. In the first, the model includes a general compassion for others factor alongside specific factors for engagement and actions. Similarly, the second features a general compassion from others factor with the same specific factors. This means that being sensitive to suffering and taking action represent specific components of compassion. However, the bifactor model for Compassion for Self requires further refinement due to lower fit indices and the need for item adjustments. The study results generally support the reliability and validity of the CEAS-PL across diverse samples, aligning with findings from previous studies on the original tool and its language adaptations. Notably, tests of validity-including correlations with emotion regulation, well-being, and attachment styles-highlighted distinct patterns for the three flows of compassion, underscoring their conceptual independence. The CEAS-PL shows promise as a valuable tool for psychological research and practice, especially in the areas of pro-social behaviour and helping people with mental health problems, facilitating the assessment of compassion across different orientations. It may support practitioners in identifying individual competencies and tailoring interventions to enhance compassion-related competencies to address particular difficulties.