Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40371105›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2025

Genomic characterization of norovirus and Sapovirus from a diarrhea outbreak in a school linked to heavy rainfall.

Zhongyan Fu, Changjing Wu, Yinghui Yu, Jian Zhao, Yan Dong, Wei Liu, Huixin Dou, Xuezhen Shi, Chengzhi Cai, Baihai Jiao and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Zhongyan Fu *Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
Changjing Wu *Department of Laboratory, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China.
Yinghui YuDepartment of Infectious Disease Control, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China.
Jian ZhaoDepartment of Laboratory, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China.
Yan DongDepartment of Infectious Disease Control, Sishui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sishui, China.
Wei LiuShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning, Prevention and Control for Infectious Diseases, Jinan, China.
Huixin DouShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Monitoring, Early Warning, Prevention and Control for Infectious Diseases, Jinan, China.
Xuezhen ShiGynecology Department, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, China.
Chengzhi CaiComputer Science Department, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, United States.
Baihai JiaoDepartment of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States.
Tiantian LiuDepartment of School Health, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China.
Boyan JiaoDepartment of Laboratory, Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Diarrhea poses a serious threat to human health, and rainfall is known to increase the incidence of diarrheal diseases. On July 7, 2024, a diarrhea outbreak occurred in a school in Sishui County, Jining City, Shandong Province, China, following heavy rainfall. This study aimed to identify the pathogens responsible for the outbreak and characterize their whole genomes. Methods: On July 8, 2024, a total of 21 stool samples from diarrhea cases, 2 water samples from private wells, and 1 drinking water sample from the school cafeteria were collected. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect Rotavirus A (RV-A), Norovirus genogroup I (NV GI), Norovirus genogroup II (NV GII), Sapovirus (SaV), Human Astrovirus (HAstV), and Human Adenovirus (HAdV). Whole-genome sequencing was performed for NV GI and SaV-positive samples to determine their genotypes, construct phylogenetic trees, and analyze amino acid variation sites in encoded proteins. Results: Among the 21 case stool samples, 7 tested positive for both NV GI and SaV, 10 were positive for NV GI only, and 1 was positive for SaV only. Of the 2 private well water samples, one was positive for NV GI and the other for SaV. Whole-genome sequences were obtained for 11 NV GI strains and 2 SaV strains. The 11 NV GI sequences from the outbreak exhibited high homology, with whole-genome similarity ranging from 99.96% to 100%, and were all identified as the NV GI.6 [P11] genotype. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these 11 sequences clustered within the same evolutionary branch. Similarly, the 2 SaV sequences were highly homologous, with 99.97% similarity, and were identified as the SaV GI.6 genotype, clustering within the same phylogenetic branch. Conclusions: This diarrhea outbreak was caused by the combined presence of NV GI and SaV following heavy rainfall. These findings provide valuable reference data for the prevention and control of diarrhea outbreaks caused by heavy rainfall or multiple pathogens.

Indexed as

diarrhea outbreakheavy rainfallNorovirusSapoviruswhole genome

Identifiers

PMID40371105
PMCPMC12075162

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.