ReviewACS pharmacology & translational science2025
The 3C (Cell Culture, Computer Simulation, Clinical Trial) Solution for Optimizing the 3R (Replace, Reduction, Refine) Framework during Preclinical Research Involving Laboratory Animals.
Review in ACS pharmacology & translational science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Emerging Regenerative Medicine for Spinal Cord Injury: Spinal Cord Organoids-on-a-Chip.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Exogenous matrix-free biomanufacturing of glioblastoma organoids enables autonomous assembly of neurovascular-like structures and extracellular matrix.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Article
- Hepatocyte Models for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Comparative Analysis of Non-HepG2 Cell Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The HepG2 Cell Line as a Model for Studying Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Advanced imaging strategies in cardiac organoids: bridging the gap between structural complexity and functional analysis.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Review
- Reference Gene Validation for Quantitative PCR Analysis in 2D and 3D AML12 Hepatocyte Models.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Mapping the ethical and sustainable transition in toxicology: a bibliometric analysis and a review of new approach methodologies.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Bioengineering Stem Cell-Derived Glioblastoma Organoids: A Comprehensive Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Stem Cells and Organoids: A Paradigm Shift in Preclinical Models Toward Personalized Medicine.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Preclinical research has traditionally utilized laboratory animals to elucidate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of new chemical entities prior to human trials. The use of animal models has been pivotal in advancing scientific knowledge and medical breakthroughs, contributing significantly to our understanding of the complex biological processes and human diseases. However, many promising treatments that have demonstrated efficacy in animal studies have failed to translate to human subjects during clinical trials. Consequently, animal testing faces ethical concerns and criticism regarding its predictive reliability for human responses. This has led to the development of 3R principles (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement), introduced in 1959, advocating for alternative methods and improved animal welfare in research. Furthermore, regulatory frameworks and recent legislation, such as the 2022 FDA Modernisation Act, emphasize modern scientific alternatives to traditional animal testing. Emerging approaches, known as the 3Cs-cell culture, computer simulation, and phase 0 clinical trials-offer promising nonanimal solutions that could accelerate drug development and address ethical concerns, potentially rendering preclinical research more humane and efficient.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.