ArticleCureus2025
Smart Fluids As Autophagy-Activating Photoprotectors: In Vitro Analysis of Dead Sea Water and Magnetized Saline Water Against Ultraviolet B (UVB)-Induced Photodamage in Human Keratinocytes.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Autophagy induction has been shown to mitigate both ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced DNA damage and inflammation. Smart fluids, including Dead Sea water (DSW) and saline magnetized water (MW), have recently been suggested to promote autophagy activation. This in vitro study was designed to investigate the ability of DSW and saline MW to inhibit the formation of UVB-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and the expression of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, a well-established, spontaneously immortalized human keratinocyte cell line. Methods To explore whether autophagy mediated the photoprotection induced by smart fluids, we measured two established autophagy markers (beclin-1 and LC3B) in HaCaT cell lysates and examined how wortmannin, an autophagy inhibitor, modulated the smart fluids' effects on post-irradiation CPDs and NLRP3 inflammasome levels. Results Compared to unirradiated control cells not exposed to any fluid (set at 1 a.u.), pretreatment with DSW (15.7 ± 1.9 a.u.) and saline MW (11.3 ± 1.6 a.u.) markedly reduced CPD formation in UVB-irradiated cells compared to two control fluids (saline non-MW: 20.9 ± 0.8 a.u.; distilled water: 21.4 ± 0.6 a.u.) (all p < 0.001). Notably, among the two smart fluids, saline MW significantly outperformed DSW in terms of DNA protection (p < 0.001). Conversely, DSW and saline MW demonstrated no statistically significant difference in NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition (p = 0.56). Both smart fluids effectively attenuated the UVB-induced decrease in beclin-1 and LC3B (all
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