Precision enhancement in wireless capsule endoscopy: a novel transformer-based approach for real-time video object detection.

Background: Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) enables non-invasive imaging of the gastrointestinal tract but generates vast video data, making real-time and accurate abnormality detection challenging. Traditional detection methods struggle with uncontrolled illumination, complex textures, and high-speed processing demands. Methods: This study presents a novel approach using Real-Time Detection Transformer (RT-DETR), a transformer-based object detection model, specifically optimized for WCE video analysis. The model captures contextual information between frames and handles variable image conditions. It was evaluated using the Kvasir-Capsule dataset, with performance assessed across three RT-DETR variants: Small (S), Medium (M), and X-Large (X). Results: RT-DETR-X achieved the highest detection precision. RT-DETR-M offered a practical trade-off between accuracy and speed, while RT-DETR-S processed frames at 270 FPS, enabling real-time performance. All three models demonstrated improved detection accuracy and computational efficiency compared to baseline methods. Discussion: The RT-DETR framework significantly enhances precision and real-time performance in gastrointestinal abnormality detection using WCE. Its clinical potential lies in supporting faster and more accurate diagnosis. Future work will focus on further optimization and deployment in endoscopic video analysis systems.